Tennis elbow is a common and troublesome condition.This article outlines the possible causes and some treatment options.
Tennis Elbow (or lateral epicondylitis) is a condition in which the outer part of the elbow is painful and tender, usually as a result of a particular strain or excessive.
Although it is called "tennis elbow", it should be noted that there is only a tennis player. No one who has a lot of work, the elimination of elbow or repetitive movements on the wrist is vulnerable to appeal.
SYMPTOMS
* Part external elbow (lateral epicondyle) tender to touch.
* Side elbow pain that radiates extenders aspect of the forearm.
* The movements of the elbow or wrist evil, particularly the elimination of movements.
* The tenderness to touch, and elbow pain in simple actions such as lifting a cup of coffee.
* The pain in state subsidies.
* If treatment can not be chronic and difficult to eradicate.
Treatment
Although not justified in clinical research, the tennis players of therapy of choice is frequent formation of ice and compression (compression therapy cold) for inflammation and anti-inflammatory pain killers like ibuprofen. In general, the basis of action is evil. A clip can also be recommended by a doctor to reduce the scope of the movement in the elbow and hence a reduction in the use and pain. Even ergonomic issues are important to the success of pain relief lateral elbow.
Original measures
Otherwise, ice and compression are the treatments of choice. There are many excellent cold compression therapy products are available. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), the pain and inflammation.
Tutorials and extends
It stretches and strengthening exercises, it is important to avoid irritation of the tendon again. Progressive strengthening of this condition concerns the use of weights or elastic theraband increase resistance to bending wrist (grip strength). Racquet Sports players are also often recommended is the expansion of his shoulder and rotator cuff shoulder blade muscles to reduce any excess compensation in the wrist flexors gross arm movements (such as a swing).
Physiotherapy
With physical therapy, ultrasound can be used to reduce inflammation and promote production of collagen, even if the current tests of their effectiveness is not 'final. Therapy manual (a form of physiotherapy) is an important part of treatment and may take the form of joint mobilizations elbow / manipulation and / or extensor muscle tissue mobilizations. Nervo mobilization may also be useful if the physiotherapist is a positive voltage nerve test in their assessment. The most common upper limb found nerve sensitive is the radial nerve for this condition. Elbow seals are also temporary relief of symptoms.
Injections of local steroids
Intra-articular glucocorticoid steroid injections can resolve episodes for several months, but there is a risk of recurrence later. After the injection, the patient usually experiences increased pain during the first days following the beginning of steroids to the state in the coming days. As with any injection of steroids, there is a small risk of local infection and tendon rupture. Most doctors are limited after two injections to provide additional courses, because there is less likelihood of effectiveness, but increased risk of side effects.
In contrast to short-term effects, the long-term benefits of local steroid injection are less clearly defined.
Surgery
If no measures, the issue of common origin extenders useful.
30 Haziran 2008 Pazartesi
STRESS FRACTURES
Stress fractures often not diagnosed and are a common problem for athletes. This article deals with common locations to stress fractures and how they can be prevented.
A stress fracture is a sort of incomplete fractures in the bone. You can view this as banda or a small crack in the bone, this is why it is sometimes called "fracture hair."
Stress fractures usually occur in weight, bones, such as the tibia / fibula (lower leg bone) and Metatarsalia (foot bone).
A stress fracture is a common sports injuries.
SYMPTOMS
Stress fractures usually have a limited list of symptoms. It could serve as a general field of pain, tenderness, pain and weight. Normally, if you have a stress fracture, pain at the beginning of the barrel, light pain in mid-term and severe pain at the end and after the flight.
Diagnosis
As with most diseases, stress fracture diagnosed is better for the interview and examination by a medical test. The surveys are not required to diagnose a stress fracture.
X-ray usually not show signs of stress fractures, so that a CT, MRI, or 3-phase bone scan can be effective in unclear circumstances. The histological examination of bone tissue is the most accurate test, but it can only be done in limbs amputated or during the autopsy of patients who died.
Treatment
If a stress fracture occurs in a weightbearing bone, healing is delayed or prevented from continuing to rely on the weight of the body.
Rest is the only way to completely heal a stress fracture. The average time to complete the rest from activities which caused the stress fracture is one week. A pause requires 4 to 8 weeks of rest, but that can not be more than ease of use of the wounded body part, until the activity does not cause pain. After the moment of relaxation are also 2 weeks mild activity can recommend without first bone pain can certainly be healed and activities can be gradually increased.
During this time, it is appropriate that training to identify errors (for example, too much, too soon) and must be avoided in future. A rule of thumb is not to an increase in the level of training for more than 10% from one week to another.
Rehabilitation usually consists of muscle strength training to help dissipate the excess forces in the bone.
In some cases, an electronic stimulator or bone stimulator may be used. These devices send electrical impulses bone to promote healing, recent studies have shown that the bone heals naturally electromagnetic stimulation. Electro Magnetic promote causes bones bones want to see more bone cells to strengthen bones.
Orthotics arts or merger with a plastic boat or airplane steps can be used also as a beneficiary to take some stress before the stress fracture. A jet of air has inflated cells, the slight pressure on the bone, promotes healing by increasing blood flow in the area and occupies most of the pain, because the pressure will be applied to them, the bones. If the stress fracture is quite difficult, crutches also help all the stress from the bone.
A severe stress fractures, surgery may be necessary for proper healing. The procedure may be pinning the fracture site and rehabilitation takes an average of six months.
CAUSE
Bones are constantly trying to restore and repair itself, especially during a sport where extraordinary burden on the bones. Over time, if sufficient to stress the bones have exhausted the ability of bone to restore a weakening of the site - stress fracture - with the bone. The fracture does not appear suddenly. What occurs from repeated violations, which are not enough to a sudden breakthrough, but which, if added overpower the osteoblasts, the transformation of bones.
Stress fractures occur in sedentary people who suddenly burst Movement (whose bones are not accustomed to the task). It can also occur in class Olympic athletes do extraordinary amounts of high-impact, or soldiers, march long distances.
Muscle fatigue can play an important role in the development of stress fractures. For every mile a runner is running more than 110 tons of force should be guided by the legs. The bones are not have that much energy in their muscles and as a shock to the excess power. But, as the muscles get tired and stop to absorb most of the shock, bones experience more stress. Finally, when the muscles (usually in the lower leg), so exhausted that they cease absorbed every blow, all the forces are due to the bone.
Prevention
One way to avoid stress fractures is adding more stress to the bones. Although counter-intuitive view of the fact that stress fractures too stress the bones, if moderate to stress the bones in a controlled manner, the bone is stronger and less susceptible to a stress fracture. An easy way to do this, follow a well-known rule for runners, which states that benefits must be increased by not more than 10% per week. This allows bones to adapt to more stress, so that they can withstand more stress in the future.
Strengthening exercises also help more muscle strength in the legs. Strengthening these muscles prevents that they are always sold out so quickly, which allows them to absorb the beating of course for longer periods. The main muscles must be reinforced with a leg stress fracture, the calf and shin muscles saver.
Second of a series of factors such as weight, tread and shoes shelf, runners should replace their shoes every 300-700 km adequate mid single sponge. A change in the choice of running surfaces can also help prevent stress fractures.
In furtherance of any exercise, in addition to stress the bones, it may be wise to increase calcium and vitamin D intake, depending on the individual. It 'also important to monitor eaten food, because food has a crucial role in bone development. Some people are at risk of osteoporosis, according to the country where medical care is provided, can be a screening programme in force.
A stress fracture is a sort of incomplete fractures in the bone. You can view this as banda or a small crack in the bone, this is why it is sometimes called "fracture hair."
Stress fractures usually occur in weight, bones, such as the tibia / fibula (lower leg bone) and Metatarsalia (foot bone).
A stress fracture is a common sports injuries.
SYMPTOMS
Stress fractures usually have a limited list of symptoms. It could serve as a general field of pain, tenderness, pain and weight. Normally, if you have a stress fracture, pain at the beginning of the barrel, light pain in mid-term and severe pain at the end and after the flight.
Diagnosis
As with most diseases, stress fracture diagnosed is better for the interview and examination by a medical test. The surveys are not required to diagnose a stress fracture.
X-ray usually not show signs of stress fractures, so that a CT, MRI, or 3-phase bone scan can be effective in unclear circumstances. The histological examination of bone tissue is the most accurate test, but it can only be done in limbs amputated or during the autopsy of patients who died.
Treatment
If a stress fracture occurs in a weightbearing bone, healing is delayed or prevented from continuing to rely on the weight of the body.
Rest is the only way to completely heal a stress fracture. The average time to complete the rest from activities which caused the stress fracture is one week. A pause requires 4 to 8 weeks of rest, but that can not be more than ease of use of the wounded body part, until the activity does not cause pain. After the moment of relaxation are also 2 weeks mild activity can recommend without first bone pain can certainly be healed and activities can be gradually increased.
During this time, it is appropriate that training to identify errors (for example, too much, too soon) and must be avoided in future. A rule of thumb is not to an increase in the level of training for more than 10% from one week to another.
Rehabilitation usually consists of muscle strength training to help dissipate the excess forces in the bone.
In some cases, an electronic stimulator or bone stimulator may be used. These devices send electrical impulses bone to promote healing, recent studies have shown that the bone heals naturally electromagnetic stimulation. Electro Magnetic promote causes bones bones want to see more bone cells to strengthen bones.
Orthotics arts or merger with a plastic boat or airplane steps can be used also as a beneficiary to take some stress before the stress fracture. A jet of air has inflated cells, the slight pressure on the bone, promotes healing by increasing blood flow in the area and occupies most of the pain, because the pressure will be applied to them, the bones. If the stress fracture is quite difficult, crutches also help all the stress from the bone.
A severe stress fractures, surgery may be necessary for proper healing. The procedure may be pinning the fracture site and rehabilitation takes an average of six months.
CAUSE
Bones are constantly trying to restore and repair itself, especially during a sport where extraordinary burden on the bones. Over time, if sufficient to stress the bones have exhausted the ability of bone to restore a weakening of the site - stress fracture - with the bone. The fracture does not appear suddenly. What occurs from repeated violations, which are not enough to a sudden breakthrough, but which, if added overpower the osteoblasts, the transformation of bones.
Stress fractures occur in sedentary people who suddenly burst Movement (whose bones are not accustomed to the task). It can also occur in class Olympic athletes do extraordinary amounts of high-impact, or soldiers, march long distances.
Muscle fatigue can play an important role in the development of stress fractures. For every mile a runner is running more than 110 tons of force should be guided by the legs. The bones are not have that much energy in their muscles and as a shock to the excess power. But, as the muscles get tired and stop to absorb most of the shock, bones experience more stress. Finally, when the muscles (usually in the lower leg), so exhausted that they cease absorbed every blow, all the forces are due to the bone.
Prevention
One way to avoid stress fractures is adding more stress to the bones. Although counter-intuitive view of the fact that stress fractures too stress the bones, if moderate to stress the bones in a controlled manner, the bone is stronger and less susceptible to a stress fracture. An easy way to do this, follow a well-known rule for runners, which states that benefits must be increased by not more than 10% per week. This allows bones to adapt to more stress, so that they can withstand more stress in the future.
Strengthening exercises also help more muscle strength in the legs. Strengthening these muscles prevents that they are always sold out so quickly, which allows them to absorb the beating of course for longer periods. The main muscles must be reinforced with a leg stress fracture, the calf and shin muscles saver.
Second of a series of factors such as weight, tread and shoes shelf, runners should replace their shoes every 300-700 km adequate mid single sponge. A change in the choice of running surfaces can also help prevent stress fractures.
In furtherance of any exercise, in addition to stress the bones, it may be wise to increase calcium and vitamin D intake, depending on the individual. It 'also important to monitor eaten food, because food has a crucial role in bone development. Some people are at risk of osteoporosis, according to the country where medical care is provided, can be a screening programme in force.
SHIN SPLINTS
This is a general term for pain in the lower legs of athletes. The condition may be due to various conditions including stress fracture, poor mechanics and execution specialized syndrome.
Shin rails is a generic term that refers to a painful condition in The Shins.
Shin rails is often caused by running or jumping and can be very slow to heal. Freestyle skiers often suffer from shin rails emphasis on the shin while landing a jump. This is a common injury caused by cross-country runners.
There is no cure for direct shin splints, to heal and rest.
The special conditions
Inflammation of connective tissue
Shin pain can also the result of inflammation of connective tissue such as bone skin (periostitis). The pain can be a stress fracture in the bone or other problems such as osteosarcoma. Pain in the lower leg may also be denominated in a remote area of the body, such as pressure on the sciatic nerve (sciatica) close to the common foot.
-- Chronic disease specialist
One problem that can imitate front shin rails is the chronic-disease specialist (CCS). This is a serious problem that could cause a significant loss of function in the lower leg. CCS occurs when the swelling within indistensible front of the leg reduces the flow of blood. This relative lack of blood, ischemia can lead to more swelling and generate a positive feedback loop. In severe cases, the result specialist acute syndrome (ACS) requires emergency operation to prevent ischaemic necrosis muscle, bone, muscle death due to lack of blood.
Diagnosis
Just think, if CCS constantly worst pain during the exercise, instead of improving the ligaments and muscles warm. Formicolio standing is a special red flag, shows nerve compression.
If a bone problem is the suspicion that the cause of inflammation of connective tissue, a bone scan may be useful to confirm the diagnosis.
CAUSE
The purpose of the muscles of the front shin (tibialis above) is on foot dorsiflex (the increase in toe). It may not be clear why a muscle that raises the toe can be stressed or injured by the fact that it is not responsible for the unit. The reason is that the runners overstride unskilled and land heavily on the heel with each footstrike. If this happens, the front quickly slaps on the ground. Del foot, which is dorsiflexed first contact with the ground, is strongly expanded. This powerful extension of the toe leads to a similar fast-attached muscles. A reflection responds to the muscles, resulting in a powerful contraction. And 'this eccentric contraction of the muscles leads to pain and possible violations of muscles, tendons and connective tissue.
Similarly, improper pronation of the foot during the footstrike can also pain in the muscles against pronation on the inside or outside the shin. In good pronation of the foot strikes the ground on the outside of the heel and then rolls on the inside of the foot about 5%. The ideal degree of pronation slightly varies with the individual. It is determined by factors such as the height of the arc (more arc has more clearance for pronation as a low arc) and flexibility of the arc. In more than pronation, the foot rolls too far. The result is that pushes your foot off almost entirely from the big toe, causing excessive for the great toe and outside the tibia. On the contrary, under pronation occurs when the foot is not sufficient to roll. This means that the entire weight of the foot strike to focus on too small for an area outside the resort at the foot a burden on the shin.
It is also generally believe that a contribution due to shin saver muscle pain, in some cases, the relative weakness of the muscles of the front row lower than those of the calf. In this case, which prefers the front exercises to strengthen muscles can help reduce or prevent shin rails. Shin pain is attributed to a forced extension of the muscles, in this case the opponent calf "saturate" The Shin. During the implementation, has the feeling of extreme hardship.
Treatment and prognosis
CCS
If you suspect CCS consult a doctor before continuing to train. If you suspect specialist acute syndrome (ACS), contact your doctor immediately.
Acute
The immediate treatment for shin rails rest. Implementation and other strenuous high impact resistance leg activities such as football, should be avoided until the pain and subsidies is no longer called for work. In conjunction with rest, anti-inflammatory treatments such as icing and drugs such as NSAIDs may be proposed by a doctor or a coach, although there are some disputes about their effectiveness. Be sure to avoid running on hard surfaces and runs downhill. Some people to treat acupuncture shin rails, but was not conclusive or any study on the effects of acupuncture in shin rails.
Several runners have problems with shin splints, and the main reason is because the runner who hits the ground with the wrong part of his foot. If they are striking the ground with their heel, almost triple their weight will have an impact on the heel, with a painful its power to Shins. During the performance, instead of hitting all your weight on the heel, heel-toe. With the landing at the toes on your heels, the impact will be much easier and the transfer of your foot to heel, and did not cause any strain to The Shins. Although the first week of calves, a small wound, runners must go forward, because it might be used to obtain. This builds muscle tissue in the calf.
Prevention
Training
Like any muscle, the muscles of the front of the tibia can be trained for large static and dynamic flexibility of adaptation, is a reflection contractors, and allow the muscles to connect faster. The key to this is the path regularly The Shins. However, static stretching may not be sufficient. Of adapt a muscle, fast and eccentric contraction, is to acquire a greater dynamism and flexibility. One way to work in dynamic flexibility in front shin subjected to excessive stress in a controlled manner. When the muscle is regularly by an even more dynamic than eccentric contractions during the movement, is more able to cope with normal amount of stress. Experience long-distance runners controlled downhill practice runs as part of training, which places a greater burden on the quadriceps and eccentric Shins. A professional trainer or coach, or perhaps a sports medicine physician should be consulted before engaging in transactions of this type of training.
Posture / forms
The long-term solution to the muscle pain in the shin is a change in the current style for the elimination of overstriding and heavy heel strike.
Wettbewerbsfähigsten runner heel on the ground first. Prepare to toes, unlike the centre distance travelled, where a kind of rolling motion, like dish can be bad for your knees. In transport over long distances running, the footstrike should be flat, although some elite distance runners, retain their acquired earlier strike years in competition with the track and field.
Correction of footstrike begins with the posture. A forward hunched posture leads to a strike heel.
In both positions, the emphasis is on the right foot. This requires physics, because the state is to prevent the body from over. An object falls halfway when the focus shifted too in one way or another outside the scope of its support. Arching shifts back of the body center of gravity on the back, so that the front legs tend to have in order to compensate, thus reducing the weight on the toes. Fold forward in life has the opposite effect: The legs tend back in the ankle, shifting the weight heels.
While in operation, the center of gravity is changing rapidly. Since a lot of time there is an extension of unity rear leg, the upper body is tilting forward to compensate for this. This inclination forward is similar to what happens in a position where one leg is raised from the ground and the rear. Inesperti witnessed these runners tilt forward in professional athletes and not to imitate bending at the waist, this is not the same. Forward torso and legs still extended form a straight line, or even a slight curve to the rear:
Shoes
Accent on the shin muscles may also be a little 'shoes and mitigated by the choice of surface. Corridori, strong hitting with the heel should seek shoes, the abundance of rearfoot sponge. [Dubiosen - see discussion] These shoes can lead to "stability" and "Motion Control" shoes. The so-called "neutral" shoes for bio-mechanically efficient runners may not have sufficient support in the heel because the runners, these shoes are not required. If their capacity tapestry degraded, the shoes should be replaced. The most common recommended interval replacement for the shoes is 500 miles or 800 kilometers. Pronation excessive can be reduced by an additional support under the arch. Shoes racing with a significant support to the belly under the arch are called "motion control" shoes, because the work to limit the movement offset. Even shoes with cushions shock functions and shoe inserts can prevent further problems.
Shin rails is a generic term that refers to a painful condition in The Shins.
Shin rails is often caused by running or jumping and can be very slow to heal. Freestyle skiers often suffer from shin rails emphasis on the shin while landing a jump. This is a common injury caused by cross-country runners.
There is no cure for direct shin splints, to heal and rest.
The special conditions
Inflammation of connective tissue
Shin pain can also the result of inflammation of connective tissue such as bone skin (periostitis). The pain can be a stress fracture in the bone or other problems such as osteosarcoma. Pain in the lower leg may also be denominated in a remote area of the body, such as pressure on the sciatic nerve (sciatica) close to the common foot.
-- Chronic disease specialist
One problem that can imitate front shin rails is the chronic-disease specialist (CCS). This is a serious problem that could cause a significant loss of function in the lower leg. CCS occurs when the swelling within indistensible front of the leg reduces the flow of blood. This relative lack of blood, ischemia can lead to more swelling and generate a positive feedback loop. In severe cases, the result specialist acute syndrome (ACS) requires emergency operation to prevent ischaemic necrosis muscle, bone, muscle death due to lack of blood.
Diagnosis
Just think, if CCS constantly worst pain during the exercise, instead of improving the ligaments and muscles warm. Formicolio standing is a special red flag, shows nerve compression.
If a bone problem is the suspicion that the cause of inflammation of connective tissue, a bone scan may be useful to confirm the diagnosis.
CAUSE
The purpose of the muscles of the front shin (tibialis above) is on foot dorsiflex (the increase in toe). It may not be clear why a muscle that raises the toe can be stressed or injured by the fact that it is not responsible for the unit. The reason is that the runners overstride unskilled and land heavily on the heel with each footstrike. If this happens, the front quickly slaps on the ground. Del foot, which is dorsiflexed first contact with the ground, is strongly expanded. This powerful extension of the toe leads to a similar fast-attached muscles. A reflection responds to the muscles, resulting in a powerful contraction. And 'this eccentric contraction of the muscles leads to pain and possible violations of muscles, tendons and connective tissue.
Similarly, improper pronation of the foot during the footstrike can also pain in the muscles against pronation on the inside or outside the shin. In good pronation of the foot strikes the ground on the outside of the heel and then rolls on the inside of the foot about 5%. The ideal degree of pronation slightly varies with the individual. It is determined by factors such as the height of the arc (more arc has more clearance for pronation as a low arc) and flexibility of the arc. In more than pronation, the foot rolls too far. The result is that pushes your foot off almost entirely from the big toe, causing excessive for the great toe and outside the tibia. On the contrary, under pronation occurs when the foot is not sufficient to roll. This means that the entire weight of the foot strike to focus on too small for an area outside the resort at the foot a burden on the shin.
It is also generally believe that a contribution due to shin saver muscle pain, in some cases, the relative weakness of the muscles of the front row lower than those of the calf. In this case, which prefers the front exercises to strengthen muscles can help reduce or prevent shin rails. Shin pain is attributed to a forced extension of the muscles, in this case the opponent calf "saturate" The Shin. During the implementation, has the feeling of extreme hardship.
Treatment and prognosis
CCS
If you suspect CCS consult a doctor before continuing to train. If you suspect specialist acute syndrome (ACS), contact your doctor immediately.
Acute
The immediate treatment for shin rails rest. Implementation and other strenuous high impact resistance leg activities such as football, should be avoided until the pain and subsidies is no longer called for work. In conjunction with rest, anti-inflammatory treatments such as icing and drugs such as NSAIDs may be proposed by a doctor or a coach, although there are some disputes about their effectiveness. Be sure to avoid running on hard surfaces and runs downhill. Some people to treat acupuncture shin rails, but was not conclusive or any study on the effects of acupuncture in shin rails.
Several runners have problems with shin splints, and the main reason is because the runner who hits the ground with the wrong part of his foot. If they are striking the ground with their heel, almost triple their weight will have an impact on the heel, with a painful its power to Shins. During the performance, instead of hitting all your weight on the heel, heel-toe. With the landing at the toes on your heels, the impact will be much easier and the transfer of your foot to heel, and did not cause any strain to The Shins. Although the first week of calves, a small wound, runners must go forward, because it might be used to obtain. This builds muscle tissue in the calf.
Prevention
Training
Like any muscle, the muscles of the front of the tibia can be trained for large static and dynamic flexibility of adaptation, is a reflection contractors, and allow the muscles to connect faster. The key to this is the path regularly The Shins. However, static stretching may not be sufficient. Of adapt a muscle, fast and eccentric contraction, is to acquire a greater dynamism and flexibility. One way to work in dynamic flexibility in front shin subjected to excessive stress in a controlled manner. When the muscle is regularly by an even more dynamic than eccentric contractions during the movement, is more able to cope with normal amount of stress. Experience long-distance runners controlled downhill practice runs as part of training, which places a greater burden on the quadriceps and eccentric Shins. A professional trainer or coach, or perhaps a sports medicine physician should be consulted before engaging in transactions of this type of training.
Posture / forms
The long-term solution to the muscle pain in the shin is a change in the current style for the elimination of overstriding and heavy heel strike.
Wettbewerbsfähigsten runner heel on the ground first. Prepare to toes, unlike the centre distance travelled, where a kind of rolling motion, like dish can be bad for your knees. In transport over long distances running, the footstrike should be flat, although some elite distance runners, retain their acquired earlier strike years in competition with the track and field.
Correction of footstrike begins with the posture. A forward hunched posture leads to a strike heel.
In both positions, the emphasis is on the right foot. This requires physics, because the state is to prevent the body from over. An object falls halfway when the focus shifted too in one way or another outside the scope of its support. Arching shifts back of the body center of gravity on the back, so that the front legs tend to have in order to compensate, thus reducing the weight on the toes. Fold forward in life has the opposite effect: The legs tend back in the ankle, shifting the weight heels.
While in operation, the center of gravity is changing rapidly. Since a lot of time there is an extension of unity rear leg, the upper body is tilting forward to compensate for this. This inclination forward is similar to what happens in a position where one leg is raised from the ground and the rear. Inesperti witnessed these runners tilt forward in professional athletes and not to imitate bending at the waist, this is not the same. Forward torso and legs still extended form a straight line, or even a slight curve to the rear:
Shoes
Accent on the shin muscles may also be a little 'shoes and mitigated by the choice of surface. Corridori, strong hitting with the heel should seek shoes, the abundance of rearfoot sponge. [Dubiosen - see discussion] These shoes can lead to "stability" and "Motion Control" shoes. The so-called "neutral" shoes for bio-mechanically efficient runners may not have sufficient support in the heel because the runners, these shoes are not required. If their capacity tapestry degraded, the shoes should be replaced. The most common recommended interval replacement for the shoes is 500 miles or 800 kilometers. Pronation excessive can be reduced by an additional support under the arch. Shoes racing with a significant support to the belly under the arch are called "motion control" shoes, because the work to limit the movement offset. Even shoes with cushions shock functions and shoe inserts can prevent further problems.
PILATES
Pilates classes are now worldwide and athletes-class rugby players. This article profiles the importance of Pilates and basic principles of exercises.
"Pilates is designed to give you softness, natural grace and skill which is clearly reflected in the way you walk, how to play, and in the way of work" - Joseph Pilates
Pilates classes help, strength and flexibility, focusing on the extension of the body and alignment of the spine, rather than on building muscle mass.
At the heart of Pilates is on the "power" region of the body, the muscles of the abdominal muscles and lower back. Because of its focus, Pilates has become popular not only in terms of fitness, but also in rehabilitation. It can be used to individuals through the progress that their movements daily activities.
The emphasis on strengthening the Nuclear muscles and improve posture awareness are particularly good for the mitigation and prevention of back pain.
Principles
Pilates follows principles on the basis of a well-constructed philosophical and theoretical foundations. This is not just a collection of exercises, but a method, developed and refined over more than eighty years of use and observation. While Pilates draws from many different styles of operation, there are certain principles inherent ruling, all these elements, under the name of Pilates. The interpretation of principles: centering, concentration, control, precision, breathing and movement that flows.
Mind over matter
The central element of Pilates is to create a fusion of spirit and body, so that without thinking moves with economy, grace and balance, with your body to the greatest advantage that most of its points strengths, weaknesses of their fighting, correct its imbalances. The objective is to ensure that the attention-free association of mind and body, the method requires that you constantly pay attention to your body while you do the movements. The attention is so important that it is more important than any other single aspect of the movements or the method.
Breathing
Joseph Pilates believed in circulating blood, so they can awaken all the cells in the body and takes away the waste associated with fatigue. For the blood to do its work properly, it must be supplied with oxygen and away from exhaust gases through proper breathing. The complete and thorough inhalation and exhalation are part of every Pilates exercise. Pilates forced saw as the key to full inhalation. Squeeze out of the lungs, as if it were wringing a wet towel dry, "he is reputation, he said. Breathing, it should be done with concentration, control and precision. It should be properly coordinated with movement. Each exercise is accompanied by instructions breathing. Joseph Pilates said: "Even if you do not follow further instructions, learning to breathe properly."
Centraggio
Pilates called very large group of muscles in our center - including our belly, back, hips, buttocks and - the "power house". Energy for all Pilates exercises from the power plant and flows outward to the end. Physicists power is exercised by the Centre for the coordination of movements. Pilates felt that it was important to build a strong engine to get them in everyday life.
Concentration
Pilates demands intense fire. For example, the inner thigh and pelvic floor can be accessed if you have a continuous exercise tones the triceps. The novice learns Pay special attention their bodies, based on very small, delicate and grass-roots movement of controlled breathing. In 2006, at the Center for Parkinson's in Oregon Health and Science University in Portland, the concentration factor of the Pilates method has been studied in providing relief from symptoms of degenerative Parkinson's disease.
Check
Joseph Pilates built his method on the idea of muscles. That does not mean sloppy, uncontrolled movements. Pilates everyone should exercise the utmost control, including all parts of the body to avoid injuries and positive results. It is not about the intensity or more repetitions of the movement, it's more about right form of a safe, effective results.
Accuracy
Any movement in the Pilates method has a meaning. Any declaration is crucial for the success of the whole '. To leave every detail is to leave the intrinsic value of exercise. The aim is to a precise and perfect movement, but, like many halfhearted. We await the precision that is second nature, and goes through in everyday life as grace and economy of movement.
Free flow
Pilates mat exercises will be carried out without problems. There is static, isolated movements. Concentration and body awareness replaces fast, shots movements of the other scheme. Grace movement should be observed on the speed, ultimately, the movements are to feel as fluid as a long step or waltz. Developed uniformly muscles are then developed to compliment good posture, flexibility and natural beauty. But with the usuage of the device, customers must at least a little 'time to adjust their equipment and items of settings.
"Pilates is designed to give you softness, natural grace and skill which is clearly reflected in the way you walk, how to play, and in the way of work" - Joseph Pilates
Pilates classes help, strength and flexibility, focusing on the extension of the body and alignment of the spine, rather than on building muscle mass.
At the heart of Pilates is on the "power" region of the body, the muscles of the abdominal muscles and lower back. Because of its focus, Pilates has become popular not only in terms of fitness, but also in rehabilitation. It can be used to individuals through the progress that their movements daily activities.
The emphasis on strengthening the Nuclear muscles and improve posture awareness are particularly good for the mitigation and prevention of back pain.
Principles
Pilates follows principles on the basis of a well-constructed philosophical and theoretical foundations. This is not just a collection of exercises, but a method, developed and refined over more than eighty years of use and observation. While Pilates draws from many different styles of operation, there are certain principles inherent ruling, all these elements, under the name of Pilates. The interpretation of principles: centering, concentration, control, precision, breathing and movement that flows.
Mind over matter
The central element of Pilates is to create a fusion of spirit and body, so that without thinking moves with economy, grace and balance, with your body to the greatest advantage that most of its points strengths, weaknesses of their fighting, correct its imbalances. The objective is to ensure that the attention-free association of mind and body, the method requires that you constantly pay attention to your body while you do the movements. The attention is so important that it is more important than any other single aspect of the movements or the method.
Breathing
Joseph Pilates believed in circulating blood, so they can awaken all the cells in the body and takes away the waste associated with fatigue. For the blood to do its work properly, it must be supplied with oxygen and away from exhaust gases through proper breathing. The complete and thorough inhalation and exhalation are part of every Pilates exercise. Pilates forced saw as the key to full inhalation. Squeeze out of the lungs, as if it were wringing a wet towel dry, "he is reputation, he said. Breathing, it should be done with concentration, control and precision. It should be properly coordinated with movement. Each exercise is accompanied by instructions breathing. Joseph Pilates said: "Even if you do not follow further instructions, learning to breathe properly."
Centraggio
Pilates called very large group of muscles in our center - including our belly, back, hips, buttocks and - the "power house". Energy for all Pilates exercises from the power plant and flows outward to the end. Physicists power is exercised by the Centre for the coordination of movements. Pilates felt that it was important to build a strong engine to get them in everyday life.
Concentration
Pilates demands intense fire. For example, the inner thigh and pelvic floor can be accessed if you have a continuous exercise tones the triceps. The novice learns Pay special attention their bodies, based on very small, delicate and grass-roots movement of controlled breathing. In 2006, at the Center for Parkinson's in Oregon Health and Science University in Portland, the concentration factor of the Pilates method has been studied in providing relief from symptoms of degenerative Parkinson's disease.
Check
Joseph Pilates built his method on the idea of muscles. That does not mean sloppy, uncontrolled movements. Pilates everyone should exercise the utmost control, including all parts of the body to avoid injuries and positive results. It is not about the intensity or more repetitions of the movement, it's more about right form of a safe, effective results.
Accuracy
Any movement in the Pilates method has a meaning. Any declaration is crucial for the success of the whole '. To leave every detail is to leave the intrinsic value of exercise. The aim is to a precise and perfect movement, but, like many halfhearted. We await the precision that is second nature, and goes through in everyday life as grace and economy of movement.
Free flow
Pilates mat exercises will be carried out without problems. There is static, isolated movements. Concentration and body awareness replaces fast, shots movements of the other scheme. Grace movement should be observed on the speed, ultimately, the movements are to feel as fluid as a long step or waltz. Developed uniformly muscles are then developed to compliment good posture, flexibility and natural beauty. But with the usuage of the device, customers must at least a little 'time to adjust their equipment and items of settings.
PAINFUL SHOULDER CONDITIONS
The shoulder area is vulnerable to a series of annoying and painful conditions, which this article describes in detail.
The shoulder is the most common mobile in the body. However, this is a common unstable because the range of movement. It 'easy in violation because the ball upper arm is larger than the shoulder socket it contains. Remain unchanged, the shoulder must be anchored by its muscles, tendons and ligaments. Shoulder some problems arise from the disruption of soft tissue due to injury or over-or under-shoulder. Other problems stem from a degenerative process in which tissues break down and no longer works well.
To shoulder pain can be localized or can lead to areas around the shoulder or arm. Disease within the body (for example, gall bladder, liver or heart disease or disease of the cervical spine neck) can also produce pain, the nerves to travel to shoulder.
How are the problems diagnosed shoulder?
What follows are some of the ways doctors diagnose shoulder problems:
* Medical history (the patient tells the doctor about a violation or some other condition, which may be causing the pain).
* Consideration feeling of physical injury and to discover the limits of the movement, the position of pain, and the measure of joint instability.
* Tests to confirm the diagnosis of certain conditions. Some of these tests include:
or X-Ray
or arthrogram - record diagnostics that can be seen on an X-Ray after the injection of contrast agents in the liquid shoulder joint to outline structures such as the rotator cuff. In case of illness or accident, this contrast may be or loss of liquid in a sector where they belong, resulting in a tear or opening or be prevented from entering an area where usually there is no openness.
or MRI (magnetic resonance) - A non-invasive procedure where a machine that produces a series of cross-sectional images of shoulder.
or other diagnostic tests, such as the injection of an anesthetic in and around the shoulder joint in some sections of this booklet.
Deployment
What is a dislocated shoulder structure?
The shoulder is the most common widespread common large body. In a typical case of a dislocated shoulder, a powerful force, shoulder to the outside (the kidnapping) or extreme rotation of the ball joint of the humerus jump from shoulder socket. Deployment often occurs when there is a step backwards in the arm that catches or muscles unprepared to resist or overcome the muscles. If a shoulder often used, the rule is called shoulder instability. A partial dislocation where the upper arm bone is due in part to part and from the outlet is used as a subluxation.
What are the signs of dislocation and how is it diagnosed?
The shoulder may be located either forward, backward, or down. Not only that the arm appear position, if the shoulder employees, but also the dislocation produces pain. Cramps muscle, the intensity of pain. Swelling, numbness, weakness, and bruises are able to develop. Problems seen with a dislocated shoulder are tearing ligaments, tendons or strengthening of the joint capsule and, less commonly, nerve damage. Doctors usually diagnose a disturbance by a physical examination and x-rays can be taken to confirm the diagnosis and a fracture in context.
As a dislocated shoulder treated?
Doctors treating a disorder of the humerus the ball back in common outlet - a procedure called a decline. The arm will be immobilized in a sling or a device called a shoulder immobilizer for several weeks. In general, doctors recommend resting place in the shoulder and the application of ice three or four times a day. After the pain and swelling were controlled, patients in a rehabilitation programme with exercises to restore range of motion and strengthen the shoulder muscles to prevent future transfers. These exercises can move from simple movement for the use of weights.
After treatment and recovery, a dislocated shoulder earlier, can remain vulnerable to reinjury, especially in young, active people. May, ligaments are torn or stretched, and the shoulder in May tend located. A shoulder that often deployed or seriously injured or tissue surrounding nerves, usually requires surgical repair to tighten the ligaments are torn or stretched again.
Sometimes the surgeon through a small cut in a small scope (arthroscope) is inserted to observe the interior of the municipality. Under this procedure, known as arthroscopic surgery, the shoulder is usually immobilized for about 6 weeks and complete recovery takes several months. Arthroskopische procedures in which the shoulder are relatively new, and many surgeons prefer to repair a recurring shoulder Dislocating through time-trial open surgery under direct vision. There are usually less repeat, transfers and improvement of movement for surgery, but may take longer to return movement.
Separation
What is a shoulder separation?
A shoulder separation occurs, where the clavicle (collarbone) meets the scapula (shoulder blade). If tapes believe that the joint together are partially or completely demolished, exterior end of May the clavicle slipping out of place, prevention from properly meeting the shoulder blade. Most of the injuries caused by a blow to the shoulder or fall on an outstretched hand.
What are the signs of a shoulder separation and how is it diagnosed?
To shoulder pain or tenderness and, occasionally, a belly in the middle of the upper shoulder (on the common AC) are indications that a separation could have taken place. Sometimes the severity of separation can be detected by X-ray, while the patient has a lightweight, passing through the muscles, so that a more pronounced separation.
How is a shoulder separation treated?
A shoulder separation is usually treated conservatively, calm and wearing a noose. Immediately after the accident on ice can relieve pain and swelling. After a rest period, a therapist helps the patient to demonstrate that the shoulder exercises the range of movement. Most shoulder separations heal within 2 or 3 months without further action. However, if the gangs are heavily scarred, surgical repair may be necessary to the clavicle. A doctor may wait to see if the conservative treatment works before deciding whether the transaction is not required.
Is, bursitis, and arrivals Syndrome
What are tendonitis, bursitis, arrivals and shoulder syndrome?
These conditions are closely linked and can occur alone or in combination. If the rotator cuff and Bursa are irritated, inflamed and swollen, squeezed between the upper part of the humerus and the acromion. Repeat proposal with the poor, or the aging process with shoulder movement over many years, it can also irritate and enter the tendons, muscles, and surrounding structures.
Tendiniti is an inflammation (redness, swelling and pain) of a tendon. In tendonitis shoulder, the rotator cuff and / or biceps tendon inflammation, usually as a result of being pinched by surrounding structures. The damage may be mild inflammation for the inclusion of most rotator cuff. If the rotator cuff tendon is inflamed and thickened, may remain trapped under the acromion. Pressing the rotator cuff is called syndrome arrivals.
Is syndrome adds, and are often accompanied by inflammation of Bursa bags to protect the shoulder. Bursa an inflamed called bursitis. Inflammation caused by a disease such as rheumatoid arthritis can lead to rotator cuff tendinitis and bursitis. Sports, excessive use of shoulder and occupations, frequent general to achieve other possible causes of irritation to the rotator cuff or Bursa and can cause inflammation and arrivals.
What are the signs and bursitis tendonitis?
Signs of these conditions include the slow onset of discomfort and pain in the third shoulder or upper arm and / or sleep disturbance on the shoulder. Tendiniti bursitis and also cause pain when the arm is raised from the body or overhead. If tendonitis involves the biceps tendon (tendon right in front of the shoulder, which helps your elbows bend and turn the forearm), the pain occurs on the front or side of the shoulder and may travel to elbow and forearm. Pain can occur even when the arm is pushed up strongly overhead.
How are these conditions are diagnosed?
Diagnosis of tendonitis and bursitis begins with a history and physical examination. X-ray show no tendons or bursae, but it can be useful to exclude bone abnormalities or arthritis. The doctor may remove and test fluid from the inflamed area of infection excluded. Adds syndrome can be confirmed if the injection of a small amount of drugs (lidocaine hydrochloride) in the space beneath the acromion relieves pain.
How are tendonitis, bursitis syndrome arrivals and treated?
The first step in the treatment of these conditions is to reduce inflammation and pain at rest, ice and anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin, naproxen, ibuprofen or COX-2 inhibitors. In some cases, the doctor or therapist is ultrasound (sweet sound wave vibrations) hot deep tissue and improve the flow of blood. Dolce stretching and strengthening exercises are gradually added. This could be preceded or followed by the use of a pack ice. If there is no improvement, the doctor may inject a corticosteroid medicine in space under the acromion. While injections of steroids are a common treatment, must be used with caution as it may lead to tendon rupture. If there is still no improvement after 6 to 12 months, the doctor may be open or arthroscopic surgery to repair the damage and alleviate the pressure on tendons and bursae.
Torn rotator cuff
What is a Torn Rotator Cuff?
One or more rotator cuff tendons can be switched from over-exploitation, ageing, a fall on an outstretched hand, or a collision. Sports, repeated general arm motion or professions, work longer a burden on rotator cuff tendons and muscles. Normally, tendons are strong, but a long-wearing-down process can lead to lacrima.
What are the signs of a Torn Rotator Cuff?
Normally, a person with a rotator cuff injury feels pain in the muscles Delta muscle at the top and outer side of the shoulder, especially when his arm extended or raised by the side of the body. Proposals such as those involved to get dressed can be painful. The shoulder feels weak, especially when you try to raise his arm in a horizontal position. A person can also feel or hear a click or pop, if the shoulder is moved.
As a Torn Rotator Cuff diagnosed?
Pain or weakness in passive or active rotation of the arm may indicate a leak in a rotator cuff tendon. The patient feels pain When lowering the arm to the side after the shoulder and back his arm is raised. A doctor can recognize, weakness, but may not be able to determine from a physical examination, where the laceration. X-ray, when it may occur normally. An MRI can detect a tendon tear, but not noticed, some tears. If the pain disappears after the doctor injects a small amount of anesthetic in the arrival area is likely to be present. If no response to treatment, the doctor may use an arthrogram, rather than a magnetic resonance, the wounded and to confirm the diagnosis.
As a Torn Rotator Cuff?
Usually doctors recommend that patients with a rotator cuff shoulder injury rest, apply heat or cold on the scourge, and medicine to relieve pain and inflammation. Other treatments may be added, such as electrical stimulation of muscles and nerves, ultrasound, or a cortisone injection near the area of inflamed rotator cuff. Patients may need to wear a band for a couple of days. If this is not an immediate consideration, exercises are added to the treatment programme to build flexibility and strength and restore the function of the shoulder. If there is no improvement with this treatment conservative and functional impairment persists, the doctor may perform arthroscopic or open surgical repair of torn rotator cuff.
Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis)
What is a frozen shoulder?
As the name suggests, the shoulder movement is strictly limited to people with a "frozen shoulder". This condition, called medical adhesive capsulitis is often caused by injury, leads to lack of use of pain. Progression of rheumatic disease and recent shoulder surgery can also lead to frozen shoulder. Alternating periods of use can lead to inflammation. Aderenze (bands of abnormal tissue) to grow between the common areas, the restriction of movement. It 'also a lack of synovial fluid, which normally lubricates the gap between the bones of the arm and taken to shoulder common. And 'this limited space between the capsule and the ball humerus, which differs from adhesive capsulitis less complicated painful, stiff shoulder. People with diabetes, stroke, lung disease, rheumatoid arthritis and heart disease, or have been in an accident, are at a higher risk for frozen shoulder. The state rarely appears in people under 40 years.
What are the signs of frozen shoulder and how is it diagnosed?
Frozen with a shoulder, the town is so narrow and rigid that it is virtually impossible to carry out simple movements, such as an increase in the arm. People complain that the stiffness and discomfort in the night worse. A doctor may suspect that the patient has a frozen shoulder, when a physical examination shows limited shoulder movement. An arthrogram can confirm the diagnosis.
How is a frozen shoulder treated?
The treatment of this disease focuses on the restoration of joint movement and reduction of shoulder pain. In general, treatment begins with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the application of heat, followed by gentle stretching exercises. These stretching exercises, which can be home with the help of a therapist, therapy of choice. In some cases, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) with a small battery-operated device can be used to reduce the pain of blocking nerve impulses. If these measures are not successful, the doctor may recommend manipulation of the shoulder under general anaesthesia. Surgery to reduce accessions is only necessary in some cases.
Fracture
What happens if the shoulder is broken?
A break with a partial or complete tear through a bone. The rupture of a bone usually occurs due to impact damage, such as a fall or blow to the shoulder. The breakdown of the State is the key to the leg or neck (area below the ball) of the humerus.
What are the signs of a shoulder fracture and how is it diagnosed?
A shoulder fracture that occurs after a serious injury is usually accompanied by severe pain. Within a short period of time can cause redness and bruising around the field. Sometimes a break, because it is obvious appear bones from the position. Both the diagnosis and severity can be done by X-ray
As a shoulder fracture?
If there is a turning point, the doctor tried to bones to promote healing and restoration of Armbewegung. If the collarbone is broken, the patient should be the first to wear a belt and the noose around the chest, so that the clavicle. After removing the band and Sling, your doctor will prescribe exercises to strengthen the shoulder and movement. The surgery is sometimes for certain leg fractures.
Break the neck of the humerus is usually with a noose or immobiliser shoulder. If the bones are of position, surgery may be necessary to secure them. Exercises are also part of restoring the power and shoulder movement.
Arthritis shoulder
What is arthritis of the shoulder?
Arthritis is a degenerative disease is caused by deterioration of cartilage (osteoarthritis) or inflammation (rheumatoid arthritis) one or more joints. Arthritis affects not only the joints but also to support structures such as muscles, tendons and ligaments.
What are the signs of arthritis and how the shoulder is diagnosed?
The usual signs of arthritis to understand the shoulder pain, particularly on the common network, and a decrease in shoulder movement. A doctor may suspect that the patient has arthritis, although pain and swelling in common. The diagnosis can be made from a physical examination and x-rays. Blood tests can be useful for diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, but other tests may be necessary. Analysis of synovial fluid from shoulder joint can be very useful for diagnosing some types of arthritis. Although arthroscopy allows direct display of damage to cartilage, tendons and ligaments, and can confirm the diagnosis, usually is allowed only if a repair will be carried out.
What is arthritis of the shoulder treated?
Most of osteoarthritis of the shoulder treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin, ibuprofen or COX-2 inhibitors. (Rheumatoid arthritis of the shoulder may require physical therapy and additional medicine, such as corticosteroids.) Unless surgical treatment of arthritis of the shoulder to relieve pain and improve function, or if there are severe wear on common shares caused to weaken and not move the site, shoulder joint replacement (arthroplasty) may provide better results. In this operation, a surgeon replaces the shoulder joint with an artificial ball for the tip of the humerus and a cap (glenoid) for the shoulder blade. Passive shoulder exercises (if someone else moves the arm to rotate the shoulder joint) be initiated immediately after the operation. In patients begin the exercise of their approximately 3 to 6 weeks after the operation. Eventually, stretching and strengthening exercises for a substantial part of the rehabilitation programme. The success often depends on the condition of rotator cuff muscles first operation and the extent to which the patient follows the exercise program.
The shoulder is the most common mobile in the body. However, this is a common unstable because the range of movement. It 'easy in violation because the ball upper arm is larger than the shoulder socket it contains. Remain unchanged, the shoulder must be anchored by its muscles, tendons and ligaments. Shoulder some problems arise from the disruption of soft tissue due to injury or over-or under-shoulder. Other problems stem from a degenerative process in which tissues break down and no longer works well.
To shoulder pain can be localized or can lead to areas around the shoulder or arm. Disease within the body (for example, gall bladder, liver or heart disease or disease of the cervical spine neck) can also produce pain, the nerves to travel to shoulder.
How are the problems diagnosed shoulder?
What follows are some of the ways doctors diagnose shoulder problems:
* Medical history (the patient tells the doctor about a violation or some other condition, which may be causing the pain).
* Consideration feeling of physical injury and to discover the limits of the movement, the position of pain, and the measure of joint instability.
* Tests to confirm the diagnosis of certain conditions. Some of these tests include:
or X-Ray
or arthrogram - record diagnostics that can be seen on an X-Ray after the injection of contrast agents in the liquid shoulder joint to outline structures such as the rotator cuff. In case of illness or accident, this contrast may be or loss of liquid in a sector where they belong, resulting in a tear or opening or be prevented from entering an area where usually there is no openness.
or MRI (magnetic resonance) - A non-invasive procedure where a machine that produces a series of cross-sectional images of shoulder.
or other diagnostic tests, such as the injection of an anesthetic in and around the shoulder joint in some sections of this booklet.
Deployment
What is a dislocated shoulder structure?
The shoulder is the most common widespread common large body. In a typical case of a dislocated shoulder, a powerful force, shoulder to the outside (the kidnapping) or extreme rotation of the ball joint of the humerus jump from shoulder socket. Deployment often occurs when there is a step backwards in the arm that catches or muscles unprepared to resist or overcome the muscles. If a shoulder often used, the rule is called shoulder instability. A partial dislocation where the upper arm bone is due in part to part and from the outlet is used as a subluxation.
What are the signs of dislocation and how is it diagnosed?
The shoulder may be located either forward, backward, or down. Not only that the arm appear position, if the shoulder employees, but also the dislocation produces pain. Cramps muscle, the intensity of pain. Swelling, numbness, weakness, and bruises are able to develop. Problems seen with a dislocated shoulder are tearing ligaments, tendons or strengthening of the joint capsule and, less commonly, nerve damage. Doctors usually diagnose a disturbance by a physical examination and x-rays can be taken to confirm the diagnosis and a fracture in context.
As a dislocated shoulder treated?
Doctors treating a disorder of the humerus the ball back in common outlet - a procedure called a decline. The arm will be immobilized in a sling or a device called a shoulder immobilizer for several weeks. In general, doctors recommend resting place in the shoulder and the application of ice three or four times a day. After the pain and swelling were controlled, patients in a rehabilitation programme with exercises to restore range of motion and strengthen the shoulder muscles to prevent future transfers. These exercises can move from simple movement for the use of weights.
After treatment and recovery, a dislocated shoulder earlier, can remain vulnerable to reinjury, especially in young, active people. May, ligaments are torn or stretched, and the shoulder in May tend located. A shoulder that often deployed or seriously injured or tissue surrounding nerves, usually requires surgical repair to tighten the ligaments are torn or stretched again.
Sometimes the surgeon through a small cut in a small scope (arthroscope) is inserted to observe the interior of the municipality. Under this procedure, known as arthroscopic surgery, the shoulder is usually immobilized for about 6 weeks and complete recovery takes several months. Arthroskopische procedures in which the shoulder are relatively new, and many surgeons prefer to repair a recurring shoulder Dislocating through time-trial open surgery under direct vision. There are usually less repeat, transfers and improvement of movement for surgery, but may take longer to return movement.
Separation
What is a shoulder separation?
A shoulder separation occurs, where the clavicle (collarbone) meets the scapula (shoulder blade). If tapes believe that the joint together are partially or completely demolished, exterior end of May the clavicle slipping out of place, prevention from properly meeting the shoulder blade. Most of the injuries caused by a blow to the shoulder or fall on an outstretched hand.
What are the signs of a shoulder separation and how is it diagnosed?
To shoulder pain or tenderness and, occasionally, a belly in the middle of the upper shoulder (on the common AC) are indications that a separation could have taken place. Sometimes the severity of separation can be detected by X-ray, while the patient has a lightweight, passing through the muscles, so that a more pronounced separation.
How is a shoulder separation treated?
A shoulder separation is usually treated conservatively, calm and wearing a noose. Immediately after the accident on ice can relieve pain and swelling. After a rest period, a therapist helps the patient to demonstrate that the shoulder exercises the range of movement. Most shoulder separations heal within 2 or 3 months without further action. However, if the gangs are heavily scarred, surgical repair may be necessary to the clavicle. A doctor may wait to see if the conservative treatment works before deciding whether the transaction is not required.
Is, bursitis, and arrivals Syndrome
What are tendonitis, bursitis, arrivals and shoulder syndrome?
These conditions are closely linked and can occur alone or in combination. If the rotator cuff and Bursa are irritated, inflamed and swollen, squeezed between the upper part of the humerus and the acromion. Repeat proposal with the poor, or the aging process with shoulder movement over many years, it can also irritate and enter the tendons, muscles, and surrounding structures.
Tendiniti is an inflammation (redness, swelling and pain) of a tendon. In tendonitis shoulder, the rotator cuff and / or biceps tendon inflammation, usually as a result of being pinched by surrounding structures. The damage may be mild inflammation for the inclusion of most rotator cuff. If the rotator cuff tendon is inflamed and thickened, may remain trapped under the acromion. Pressing the rotator cuff is called syndrome arrivals.
Is syndrome adds, and are often accompanied by inflammation of Bursa bags to protect the shoulder. Bursa an inflamed called bursitis. Inflammation caused by a disease such as rheumatoid arthritis can lead to rotator cuff tendinitis and bursitis. Sports, excessive use of shoulder and occupations, frequent general to achieve other possible causes of irritation to the rotator cuff or Bursa and can cause inflammation and arrivals.
What are the signs and bursitis tendonitis?
Signs of these conditions include the slow onset of discomfort and pain in the third shoulder or upper arm and / or sleep disturbance on the shoulder. Tendiniti bursitis and also cause pain when the arm is raised from the body or overhead. If tendonitis involves the biceps tendon (tendon right in front of the shoulder, which helps your elbows bend and turn the forearm), the pain occurs on the front or side of the shoulder and may travel to elbow and forearm. Pain can occur even when the arm is pushed up strongly overhead.
How are these conditions are diagnosed?
Diagnosis of tendonitis and bursitis begins with a history and physical examination. X-ray show no tendons or bursae, but it can be useful to exclude bone abnormalities or arthritis. The doctor may remove and test fluid from the inflamed area of infection excluded. Adds syndrome can be confirmed if the injection of a small amount of drugs (lidocaine hydrochloride) in the space beneath the acromion relieves pain.
How are tendonitis, bursitis syndrome arrivals and treated?
The first step in the treatment of these conditions is to reduce inflammation and pain at rest, ice and anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin, naproxen, ibuprofen or COX-2 inhibitors. In some cases, the doctor or therapist is ultrasound (sweet sound wave vibrations) hot deep tissue and improve the flow of blood. Dolce stretching and strengthening exercises are gradually added. This could be preceded or followed by the use of a pack ice. If there is no improvement, the doctor may inject a corticosteroid medicine in space under the acromion. While injections of steroids are a common treatment, must be used with caution as it may lead to tendon rupture. If there is still no improvement after 6 to 12 months, the doctor may be open or arthroscopic surgery to repair the damage and alleviate the pressure on tendons and bursae.
Torn rotator cuff
What is a Torn Rotator Cuff?
One or more rotator cuff tendons can be switched from over-exploitation, ageing, a fall on an outstretched hand, or a collision. Sports, repeated general arm motion or professions, work longer a burden on rotator cuff tendons and muscles. Normally, tendons are strong, but a long-wearing-down process can lead to lacrima.
What are the signs of a Torn Rotator Cuff?
Normally, a person with a rotator cuff injury feels pain in the muscles Delta muscle at the top and outer side of the shoulder, especially when his arm extended or raised by the side of the body. Proposals such as those involved to get dressed can be painful. The shoulder feels weak, especially when you try to raise his arm in a horizontal position. A person can also feel or hear a click or pop, if the shoulder is moved.
As a Torn Rotator Cuff diagnosed?
Pain or weakness in passive or active rotation of the arm may indicate a leak in a rotator cuff tendon. The patient feels pain When lowering the arm to the side after the shoulder and back his arm is raised. A doctor can recognize, weakness, but may not be able to determine from a physical examination, where the laceration. X-ray, when it may occur normally. An MRI can detect a tendon tear, but not noticed, some tears. If the pain disappears after the doctor injects a small amount of anesthetic in the arrival area is likely to be present. If no response to treatment, the doctor may use an arthrogram, rather than a magnetic resonance, the wounded and to confirm the diagnosis.
As a Torn Rotator Cuff?
Usually doctors recommend that patients with a rotator cuff shoulder injury rest, apply heat or cold on the scourge, and medicine to relieve pain and inflammation. Other treatments may be added, such as electrical stimulation of muscles and nerves, ultrasound, or a cortisone injection near the area of inflamed rotator cuff. Patients may need to wear a band for a couple of days. If this is not an immediate consideration, exercises are added to the treatment programme to build flexibility and strength and restore the function of the shoulder. If there is no improvement with this treatment conservative and functional impairment persists, the doctor may perform arthroscopic or open surgical repair of torn rotator cuff.
Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis)
What is a frozen shoulder?
As the name suggests, the shoulder movement is strictly limited to people with a "frozen shoulder". This condition, called medical adhesive capsulitis is often caused by injury, leads to lack of use of pain. Progression of rheumatic disease and recent shoulder surgery can also lead to frozen shoulder. Alternating periods of use can lead to inflammation. Aderenze (bands of abnormal tissue) to grow between the common areas, the restriction of movement. It 'also a lack of synovial fluid, which normally lubricates the gap between the bones of the arm and taken to shoulder common. And 'this limited space between the capsule and the ball humerus, which differs from adhesive capsulitis less complicated painful, stiff shoulder. People with diabetes, stroke, lung disease, rheumatoid arthritis and heart disease, or have been in an accident, are at a higher risk for frozen shoulder. The state rarely appears in people under 40 years.
What are the signs of frozen shoulder and how is it diagnosed?
Frozen with a shoulder, the town is so narrow and rigid that it is virtually impossible to carry out simple movements, such as an increase in the arm. People complain that the stiffness and discomfort in the night worse. A doctor may suspect that the patient has a frozen shoulder, when a physical examination shows limited shoulder movement. An arthrogram can confirm the diagnosis.
How is a frozen shoulder treated?
The treatment of this disease focuses on the restoration of joint movement and reduction of shoulder pain. In general, treatment begins with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the application of heat, followed by gentle stretching exercises. These stretching exercises, which can be home with the help of a therapist, therapy of choice. In some cases, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) with a small battery-operated device can be used to reduce the pain of blocking nerve impulses. If these measures are not successful, the doctor may recommend manipulation of the shoulder under general anaesthesia. Surgery to reduce accessions is only necessary in some cases.
Fracture
What happens if the shoulder is broken?
A break with a partial or complete tear through a bone. The rupture of a bone usually occurs due to impact damage, such as a fall or blow to the shoulder. The breakdown of the State is the key to the leg or neck (area below the ball) of the humerus.
What are the signs of a shoulder fracture and how is it diagnosed?
A shoulder fracture that occurs after a serious injury is usually accompanied by severe pain. Within a short period of time can cause redness and bruising around the field. Sometimes a break, because it is obvious appear bones from the position. Both the diagnosis and severity can be done by X-ray
As a shoulder fracture?
If there is a turning point, the doctor tried to bones to promote healing and restoration of Armbewegung. If the collarbone is broken, the patient should be the first to wear a belt and the noose around the chest, so that the clavicle. After removing the band and Sling, your doctor will prescribe exercises to strengthen the shoulder and movement. The surgery is sometimes for certain leg fractures.
Break the neck of the humerus is usually with a noose or immobiliser shoulder. If the bones are of position, surgery may be necessary to secure them. Exercises are also part of restoring the power and shoulder movement.
Arthritis shoulder
What is arthritis of the shoulder?
Arthritis is a degenerative disease is caused by deterioration of cartilage (osteoarthritis) or inflammation (rheumatoid arthritis) one or more joints. Arthritis affects not only the joints but also to support structures such as muscles, tendons and ligaments.
What are the signs of arthritis and how the shoulder is diagnosed?
The usual signs of arthritis to understand the shoulder pain, particularly on the common network, and a decrease in shoulder movement. A doctor may suspect that the patient has arthritis, although pain and swelling in common. The diagnosis can be made from a physical examination and x-rays. Blood tests can be useful for diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, but other tests may be necessary. Analysis of synovial fluid from shoulder joint can be very useful for diagnosing some types of arthritis. Although arthroscopy allows direct display of damage to cartilage, tendons and ligaments, and can confirm the diagnosis, usually is allowed only if a repair will be carried out.
What is arthritis of the shoulder treated?
Most of osteoarthritis of the shoulder treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin, ibuprofen or COX-2 inhibitors. (Rheumatoid arthritis of the shoulder may require physical therapy and additional medicine, such as corticosteroids.) Unless surgical treatment of arthritis of the shoulder to relieve pain and improve function, or if there are severe wear on common shares caused to weaken and not move the site, shoulder joint replacement (arthroplasty) may provide better results. In this operation, a surgeon replaces the shoulder joint with an artificial ball for the tip of the humerus and a cap (glenoid) for the shoulder blade. Passive shoulder exercises (if someone else moves the arm to rotate the shoulder joint) be initiated immediately after the operation. In patients begin the exercise of their approximately 3 to 6 weeks after the operation. Eventually, stretching and strengthening exercises for a substantial part of the rehabilitation programme. The success often depends on the condition of rotator cuff muscles first operation and the extent to which the patient follows the exercise program.
MILD HEAD INJURY (CONCUSSION)
Recovery from Concussion may take longer than expected. This article describes the symptoms of ongoing problems and what can be done to help.
Shock or mild head injury (MTBI), is the most common and least serious type of skull-brain trauma. Headline a temporary loss of mental function. It can be obtained by the acceleration or deceleration forces, or by a direct hit. Title is not usually associated with the pervasive violations.
SYMPTOMS
The symptoms of a Concussion can also be a period of unconsciousness less than 30 minutes, vomiting, confusion, and visual disturbances. Amnesia, the mark of signs Concussion, retrograde amnesia (loss of memory that were the first injury) or anterograde amnesia (loss of memory formed after injury). In Concussion, amnesia is much more anterograde (including post-traumatic amnesia or PTA). This type of amnesia is the inability to create and store new memories, as the process of saving something from the RAM on a computer to its hard drive. Amnesia may not become known until the next day or next week. A well-known example in sport Concussion is the Quarterback, was all the complex mental tasks to lead a football team after a Concussion, but has no memory the day after the game was that after Concussion.
Patients with a Concussion may act confused, for example, repeatedly asking the same questions, or forget where they are. Patients can focus on the neurological deficits, signs that a certain part of the brain is not functioning properly.
Concussions since no damage to the structure of the brain, the condition of patients with less Concussions often is better or remains the same. But brain damage is a process, not an event, which is set in motion various pathological processes. The Concussions the result in permanent long-term deficits, which can often worsen during the first day. A deterioration in the level of awareness may mean that the patient has a different problem, like a bad type of head injuries. Similarly, persistent vomiting, headache worsening, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), drowsiness, unequal pupil size, and the increasing disorientation are all signs of an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP). More likely in the typical Concussion, the process of axonal injury and is progressing. In the first 72 hours, a stretched or damaged axons can be further damaged or killed by ionic fluctuations.
The most critical mistake Concussion suffering is not the return of additional medical treatment and evaluation for the period from 24 to 72 hours after the concussive event, if the symptoms are getting worse. Athletes, especially intercollegiate or professional athletes usually have followed closely by team trainers during this period. But those injured in accidents can be sent home without any medical supervision of compliance with that person, unless the situation even worse. If the person has had a Concussion yesterday, and did not clear the memory of time between the Concussion and today, they are likely to suffer from post-traumatic amnesia, and the likelihood is greater that in the long term or permanent problems.
Another thing: Most of the research done on Concussions strong and suitable for male athletes in their late teens or early 20s. More than 40 persons, especially women over 40 are much more likely that the long-term problems of these young athletes. Cervelli older do not have the regenerative capacity of young and old brains available much more likely to suffer more forces to disable the same type of accidents. In general, women are not worse than that of men.
Degrees of Concussion
Title will be divided into five categories
The more lenient 1st class I, only confusion.
2nd Grade II includes anterograde amnesia that lasts less than five minutes and confusion.
As a 3rd grade III covers the symptoms above and retrograde amnesia and loss of consciousness for less than five minutes.
4th Grade IV includes all the symptoms above, as well as loss of consciousness, it takes 5 to 10 minutes.
5th Grade V is the same as grade IV, with loss of consciousness for more than ten minutes.
American Academy of Neurology (AAN) guidelines clarify that damage to the brain can occur with or Grade 2 or Grade 3 Concussion. Thus, it is clear that subtle brain injury can have lasting consequences if the symptoms of acute Concussion continue for more than 15 minutes.
Each class has several recommendations for patients, play sports activities:
* In Class I, the patient can return to contact sport in 20 minutes.
* A patient with a second grade I Concussion to play contact sports in 2 weeks after the asymptomatic for a week.
* In Class II, the patient can return to contact sports in 1 week is asymptomatic.
* A second grade II may return to play contact sports 1 months after the asymptomatic for a week.
* In Class III, the patient can return to contact sports in 1 month.
* For a patient with a second time Grade III Concussion, the season is over.
However, if the patient has repeatedly Concussions after contact sports, x 3 Class I, Class II x 2, and in particular the grade III x 2, then it should be recommended that the season is over and a thorough medical evaluation should be considered mandatory.
The symptoms of most Concussions are dissolved in 48 to 72 hours, but there may be problems.
Post-Concussion Syndrome
In the post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS), the symptoms do not resolve for weeks, months or even years, and patients can have headaches, light and sound sensitivity, memory and attention problems, dizziness, difficulty with the line movements, depression and anxiety. Symptoms usually peak from 4 to 6 weeks after Concussion, but can go longer, lasting about a year or longer. Children experience a more severe symptoms of Post-Concussion Syndrome than adults. Physiotherapy, more rest is the best relaxation techniques, and the symptoms usually disappear by themselves.
Shock or mild head injury (MTBI), is the most common and least serious type of skull-brain trauma. Headline a temporary loss of mental function. It can be obtained by the acceleration or deceleration forces, or by a direct hit. Title is not usually associated with the pervasive violations.
SYMPTOMS
The symptoms of a Concussion can also be a period of unconsciousness less than 30 minutes, vomiting, confusion, and visual disturbances. Amnesia, the mark of signs Concussion, retrograde amnesia (loss of memory that were the first injury) or anterograde amnesia (loss of memory formed after injury). In Concussion, amnesia is much more anterograde (including post-traumatic amnesia or PTA). This type of amnesia is the inability to create and store new memories, as the process of saving something from the RAM on a computer to its hard drive. Amnesia may not become known until the next day or next week. A well-known example in sport Concussion is the Quarterback, was all the complex mental tasks to lead a football team after a Concussion, but has no memory the day after the game was that after Concussion.
Patients with a Concussion may act confused, for example, repeatedly asking the same questions, or forget where they are. Patients can focus on the neurological deficits, signs that a certain part of the brain is not functioning properly.
Concussions since no damage to the structure of the brain, the condition of patients with less Concussions often is better or remains the same. But brain damage is a process, not an event, which is set in motion various pathological processes. The Concussions the result in permanent long-term deficits, which can often worsen during the first day. A deterioration in the level of awareness may mean that the patient has a different problem, like a bad type of head injuries. Similarly, persistent vomiting, headache worsening, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), drowsiness, unequal pupil size, and the increasing disorientation are all signs of an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP). More likely in the typical Concussion, the process of axonal injury and is progressing. In the first 72 hours, a stretched or damaged axons can be further damaged or killed by ionic fluctuations.
The most critical mistake Concussion suffering is not the return of additional medical treatment and evaluation for the period from 24 to 72 hours after the concussive event, if the symptoms are getting worse. Athletes, especially intercollegiate or professional athletes usually have followed closely by team trainers during this period. But those injured in accidents can be sent home without any medical supervision of compliance with that person, unless the situation even worse. If the person has had a Concussion yesterday, and did not clear the memory of time between the Concussion and today, they are likely to suffer from post-traumatic amnesia, and the likelihood is greater that in the long term or permanent problems.
Another thing: Most of the research done on Concussions strong and suitable for male athletes in their late teens or early 20s. More than 40 persons, especially women over 40 are much more likely that the long-term problems of these young athletes. Cervelli older do not have the regenerative capacity of young and old brains available much more likely to suffer more forces to disable the same type of accidents. In general, women are not worse than that of men.
Degrees of Concussion
Title will be divided into five categories
The more lenient 1st class I, only confusion.
2nd Grade II includes anterograde amnesia that lasts less than five minutes and confusion.
As a 3rd grade III covers the symptoms above and retrograde amnesia and loss of consciousness for less than five minutes.
4th Grade IV includes all the symptoms above, as well as loss of consciousness, it takes 5 to 10 minutes.
5th Grade V is the same as grade IV, with loss of consciousness for more than ten minutes.
American Academy of Neurology (AAN) guidelines clarify that damage to the brain can occur with or Grade 2 or Grade 3 Concussion. Thus, it is clear that subtle brain injury can have lasting consequences if the symptoms of acute Concussion continue for more than 15 minutes.
Each class has several recommendations for patients, play sports activities:
* In Class I, the patient can return to contact sport in 20 minutes.
* A patient with a second grade I Concussion to play contact sports in 2 weeks after the asymptomatic for a week.
* In Class II, the patient can return to contact sports in 1 week is asymptomatic.
* A second grade II may return to play contact sports 1 months after the asymptomatic for a week.
* In Class III, the patient can return to contact sports in 1 month.
* For a patient with a second time Grade III Concussion, the season is over.
However, if the patient has repeatedly Concussions after contact sports, x 3 Class I, Class II x 2, and in particular the grade III x 2, then it should be recommended that the season is over and a thorough medical evaluation should be considered mandatory.
The symptoms of most Concussions are dissolved in 48 to 72 hours, but there may be problems.
Post-Concussion Syndrome
In the post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS), the symptoms do not resolve for weeks, months or even years, and patients can have headaches, light and sound sensitivity, memory and attention problems, dizziness, difficulty with the line movements, depression and anxiety. Symptoms usually peak from 4 to 6 weeks after Concussion, but can go longer, lasting about a year or longer. Children experience a more severe symptoms of Post-Concussion Syndrome than adults. Physiotherapy, more rest is the best relaxation techniques, and the symptoms usually disappear by themselves.
KNEE INJURIES
This article gives a good overview of existing knee injury and the principles of treatment.
Mechanical knee problems can be caused by:
* A direct hit or sudden movements, the burden on knee
* Osteoarthritis in the knee, resulting from wear at his own shares.
Infiammatoria knee problems can be caused by some rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus). These diseases can cause swelling of the knee injury on a permanent basis.
How are diagnosed with knee problems?
Doctors diagnose knee problems:
* History
* Physical Examination
* The diagnostic tests (such as X-rays, bone scan, CT, MRI, arthroscopy and biopsy).
Cartilagine accidents and diseases
Chondromalacia occurs when the cartilage of the kneecap softens. This can be made of injury, abuse or muscle weakness, or if the parties are knee alignment. Chondromalacia can develop when a blow to the kneecap tears a piece of cartilage or a piece of cartilage with a bone fragment.
The meniscus is a C-shaped piece of cartilage, acts as a cushion between the femur (thigh bone) and tibia (shin bone). And 'slightly injured when the knee is twisted with weight. A partial or complete tear can occur. If the tear is small, the meniscus in the front and rear of the knee. If the tear is large, the meniscus may be left hanging by a thread of cartilage. The severity of injury depends on the location and size of tear gas.
Treatment of cartilage injuries include:
* Exercises to strengthen muscles
* Electrical stimulation to strengthen the muscles
* Health care for seriously injured.
Legamento Injuries
Often, two wounded in the knee ligament anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the posterior cruciate ligaments (PCL). A breach of these bands is sometimes referred to as "sprain." The ACL is often stretched or torn (or both) by a sudden twisting movement. The PCL victim is usually through a direct impact, such as in a car accident or calcium to combat them.
Mediale and lateral collateral ligaments are usually injured by a blow to the outside of the knee. This could be a ligament tear. This blows often occur in sports such as football and hockey.
Legamento injuries are dealt with:
* Ice (right after the injury) to reduce the swelling
* Exercises to strengthen muscles
* A clip
* Surgery (other serious injuries).
Curtains accidents and diseases
The three main types of tendon injuries and illnesses are:
* Tendonitis broken and tendons
* Osgood-Schlatter disease
* Seconds knee
Curtains injuries ranging from tendonitis (inflammation of the tendon) to a broken (demolished) tendon. Torn tendons most often occurs from:
* Use of tendons (especially in some sports). The string extends like a worn out rubber banda and is switched on.
* The attempt to break a fall. If thigh muscles, tendons tear. This is most likely to occur in older people with weak tendons.
A type of tendonitis of the knee is called bridge the knee. In sport, where the jump, such as basketball, can turn on or tendon tear.
Osgood-Schlatter disease is caused by stress or tension on the growth in the top of the tibia. What causes swelling of the knee and upper shin bone. It can happen when a person tendon tears away from bone, where a piece of bone with him. Young people who run and jump while playing sports can have this type of injury.
Corridori knee occurs when a tendon on the outer bone rubs cause swelling of the knee. It happens when the knee is excessive for a long period of time. This happens sometimes in sports training.
Treatment of tendon injuries and occupational diseases include:
* Rest
* Ice
* Altitude
* Drugs such as aspirin or ibuprofen to relieve pain and reduce swelling
* Limitation of physical activity
* Exercise of stretching and strengthening
* A profession, if it has a partial tear
* Health care for the complete tears or very serious injuries.
Other knee injury
Osteochondritis dissecans occurs when not enough blood goes to a portion of bone under a common interface. The bone and cartilage gradually loosen and cause pain. Some cartilage go out and cause severe pain, weakness, and the blockade of the municipality. A person with this condition can develop osteoarthritis. The surgery is the main treatment.
* If fragments of cartilage are not broken loose, a surgeon in May or pin their lives in the correct position. This may be the new flow of blood to the cartilage.
* If the fragments are dissolved, the surgeon in May scratch the cave to reach fresh bone and insert a bone graft to repair the damage fragments into place.
* The research was done to examine the cartilage and tissue transplantation.
Plica syndrome occurs when bands of tissue in the knee called Plicae swollen from excessive or injury. Treatments for this syndrome are:
* Drugs such as aspirin or ibuprofen to reduce swelling
* Rest
* Ice
* Bendaggio elastic on knee
* Exercises to strengthen muscles
* Cortisone injection into Plicae
* Surgery to remove the Plicae when the first treatments can not solve the problem.
How can people prevent knee problems?
Some knee problems (such as those resulting from an accident) can not be prevented. Knee, but many problems can be avoided by following these steps:
* Warm up before the sport. Walking and stretching are good warm-up exercises. Stretching the muscles on the front and rear thigh is a good way to heat your knees.
* Take the strong leg muscles to do some exercises (for example, walk up stairs, riding a stationary bicycle, or work with weights).
* Avoid sudden changes in intensity of the exercise.
* Increase the power or the duration of 'activity slowly.
* Wear shoes fit and are in good condition.
* Maintain a healthy weight. Extra weight puts pressure on the knee.
What types of exercises are best for someone with knee problems?
Three types of exercises are best for people with arthritis:
* Range of motion exercises. These exercises help maintain or increase flexibility. They also relieve the stiffness in the knee.
* Strengthening exercises. These exercises help maintain or increase muscle strength. Strong muscles help to support and protect joints with arthritis.
* Aerobic exercises or resistance. These exercises improve heart function and blood circulation. In addition, helps control weight. Some studies show that aerobic exercise is the swelling in some joints.
Mechanical knee problems can be caused by:
* A direct hit or sudden movements, the burden on knee
* Osteoarthritis in the knee, resulting from wear at his own shares.
Infiammatoria knee problems can be caused by some rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus). These diseases can cause swelling of the knee injury on a permanent basis.
How are diagnosed with knee problems?
Doctors diagnose knee problems:
* History
* Physical Examination
* The diagnostic tests (such as X-rays, bone scan, CT, MRI, arthroscopy and biopsy).
Cartilagine accidents and diseases
Chondromalacia occurs when the cartilage of the kneecap softens. This can be made of injury, abuse or muscle weakness, or if the parties are knee alignment. Chondromalacia can develop when a blow to the kneecap tears a piece of cartilage or a piece of cartilage with a bone fragment.
The meniscus is a C-shaped piece of cartilage, acts as a cushion between the femur (thigh bone) and tibia (shin bone). And 'slightly injured when the knee is twisted with weight. A partial or complete tear can occur. If the tear is small, the meniscus in the front and rear of the knee. If the tear is large, the meniscus may be left hanging by a thread of cartilage. The severity of injury depends on the location and size of tear gas.
Treatment of cartilage injuries include:
* Exercises to strengthen muscles
* Electrical stimulation to strengthen the muscles
* Health care for seriously injured.
Legamento Injuries
Often, two wounded in the knee ligament anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the posterior cruciate ligaments (PCL). A breach of these bands is sometimes referred to as "sprain." The ACL is often stretched or torn (or both) by a sudden twisting movement. The PCL victim is usually through a direct impact, such as in a car accident or calcium to combat them.
Mediale and lateral collateral ligaments are usually injured by a blow to the outside of the knee. This could be a ligament tear. This blows often occur in sports such as football and hockey.
Legamento injuries are dealt with:
* Ice (right after the injury) to reduce the swelling
* Exercises to strengthen muscles
* A clip
* Surgery (other serious injuries).
Curtains accidents and diseases
The three main types of tendon injuries and illnesses are:
* Tendonitis broken and tendons
* Osgood-Schlatter disease
* Seconds knee
Curtains injuries ranging from tendonitis (inflammation of the tendon) to a broken (demolished) tendon. Torn tendons most often occurs from:
* Use of tendons (especially in some sports). The string extends like a worn out rubber banda and is switched on.
* The attempt to break a fall. If thigh muscles, tendons tear. This is most likely to occur in older people with weak tendons.
A type of tendonitis of the knee is called bridge the knee. In sport, where the jump, such as basketball, can turn on or tendon tear.
Osgood-Schlatter disease is caused by stress or tension on the growth in the top of the tibia. What causes swelling of the knee and upper shin bone. It can happen when a person tendon tears away from bone, where a piece of bone with him. Young people who run and jump while playing sports can have this type of injury.
Corridori knee occurs when a tendon on the outer bone rubs cause swelling of the knee. It happens when the knee is excessive for a long period of time. This happens sometimes in sports training.
Treatment of tendon injuries and occupational diseases include:
* Rest
* Ice
* Altitude
* Drugs such as aspirin or ibuprofen to relieve pain and reduce swelling
* Limitation of physical activity
* Exercise of stretching and strengthening
* A profession, if it has a partial tear
* Health care for the complete tears or very serious injuries.
Other knee injury
Osteochondritis dissecans occurs when not enough blood goes to a portion of bone under a common interface. The bone and cartilage gradually loosen and cause pain. Some cartilage go out and cause severe pain, weakness, and the blockade of the municipality. A person with this condition can develop osteoarthritis. The surgery is the main treatment.
* If fragments of cartilage are not broken loose, a surgeon in May or pin their lives in the correct position. This may be the new flow of blood to the cartilage.
* If the fragments are dissolved, the surgeon in May scratch the cave to reach fresh bone and insert a bone graft to repair the damage fragments into place.
* The research was done to examine the cartilage and tissue transplantation.
Plica syndrome occurs when bands of tissue in the knee called Plicae swollen from excessive or injury. Treatments for this syndrome are:
* Drugs such as aspirin or ibuprofen to reduce swelling
* Rest
* Ice
* Bendaggio elastic on knee
* Exercises to strengthen muscles
* Cortisone injection into Plicae
* Surgery to remove the Plicae when the first treatments can not solve the problem.
How can people prevent knee problems?
Some knee problems (such as those resulting from an accident) can not be prevented. Knee, but many problems can be avoided by following these steps:
* Warm up before the sport. Walking and stretching are good warm-up exercises. Stretching the muscles on the front and rear thigh is a good way to heat your knees.
* Take the strong leg muscles to do some exercises (for example, walk up stairs, riding a stationary bicycle, or work with weights).
* Avoid sudden changes in intensity of the exercise.
* Increase the power or the duration of 'activity slowly.
* Wear shoes fit and are in good condition.
* Maintain a healthy weight. Extra weight puts pressure on the knee.
What types of exercises are best for someone with knee problems?
Three types of exercises are best for people with arthritis:
* Range of motion exercises. These exercises help maintain or increase flexibility. They also relieve the stiffness in the knee.
* Strengthening exercises. These exercises help maintain or increase muscle strength. Strong muscles help to support and protect joints with arthritis.
* Aerobic exercises or resistance. These exercises improve heart function and blood circulation. In addition, helps control weight. Some studies show that aerobic exercise is the swelling in some joints.
INJURY PREVENTION FOR WINTER SPORTS
An appropriate training is the key to preventing sports' injuries. This article contains references to the most important aspects of training, and what to wear during training sessions in cold weather.
HYPERBARIC OXYGEN TREATMENT
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is the treatment of various conditions. This article lists some of these and how the therapy.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is the medical use of oxygen at a higher than the atmospheric pressure.
Several principles are used in therapeutic HBOT:
* The total has increased the pressure of therapeutic value if HBOT is used to treat decompression sickness.
* For many other conditions, the principle of therapeutic HBOT has drastically increased the partial pressure of oxygen in the tissues of the body. The partial pressure of oxygen reached at HBOT are much higher than those of pure oxygen to breathe normobaric conditions (ie in normal atmospheric pressure).
* One effect is to increase oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. Under the atmospheric pressure, the transport of oxygen is limited by the ability of oxygen binding levels of haemoglobin in red blood cells and very little oxygen is transported from blood plasma. Since the hemoglobin in red blood cells is nearly saturated with oxygen atmospheric pressure, this path of traffic can not be exploited more. Transport of oxygen plasma, however, has increased significantly under HBOT.
Hypoerbaric oxygen therapy can be used to treat:
* Certain non-healing wounds (post-surgical or diabetes)
* The protection from radiation necrosis of soft tissues and radiation protection osteonecrosis
* Necrotizing fasciitis (flesh eating bacteria)
* Poisoning by carbon monoxide
* Disease decompression
* Severe infection of anaerobic bacteria (such as gas gangrene)
* Air or gas embolism
* Severe anaemia Unkorrigiert
* Osteomielite chronic refractory
* Extension of healing wounds in the problem
* Sport Injury
* In the 24 hours of Le Mans for the race drivers to get more in a shorter amount of time to sleep
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is the medical use of oxygen at a higher than the atmospheric pressure.
Several principles are used in therapeutic HBOT:
* The total has increased the pressure of therapeutic value if HBOT is used to treat decompression sickness.
* For many other conditions, the principle of therapeutic HBOT has drastically increased the partial pressure of oxygen in the tissues of the body. The partial pressure of oxygen reached at HBOT are much higher than those of pure oxygen to breathe normobaric conditions (ie in normal atmospheric pressure).
* One effect is to increase oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. Under the atmospheric pressure, the transport of oxygen is limited by the ability of oxygen binding levels of haemoglobin in red blood cells and very little oxygen is transported from blood plasma. Since the hemoglobin in red blood cells is nearly saturated with oxygen atmospheric pressure, this path of traffic can not be exploited more. Transport of oxygen plasma, however, has increased significantly under HBOT.
Hypoerbaric oxygen therapy can be used to treat:
* Certain non-healing wounds (post-surgical or diabetes)
* The protection from radiation necrosis of soft tissues and radiation protection osteonecrosis
* Necrotizing fasciitis (flesh eating bacteria)
* Poisoning by carbon monoxide
* Disease decompression
* Severe infection of anaerobic bacteria (such as gas gangrene)
* Air or gas embolism
* Severe anaemia Unkorrigiert
* Osteomielite chronic refractory
* Extension of healing wounds in the problem
* Sport Injury
* In the 24 hours of Le Mans for the race drivers to get more in a shorter amount of time to sleep
GOLFER'S ELBOW
Elbow of golf is a common and annoying condition. This article describes some possible causes and treatment options.
Elbow of golf or medial epicondylitis, is an inflammatory condition of the elbow, which in some ways similar to tennis elbow.
Flexor muscles of the forearm, namely the muscles responsible for bending the fingers and thumb, fist clenching and supinating the hand without biceps brachial meet on a tendon in common (attached) medial epicondyle of the humerus in the elbow joint. In response to minor injuries or, sometimes, for obvious reasons not entirely, the insertion point is lit.
The condition is known as the elbow of golfer, because a ride on a golf course this tendon is stressed, many people develop but the situation has never dealt with a golf club.
SYMPTOMS
The symptoms are predominant in pain medial aspect of the elbow joint, which is much worse if the Flexor muscles of the forearm arm under tension, but it can occur at rest. The examination of the medial epicondyle of the humerus is exquisitely tender. There may be some weakness of Flexor function, the pain of reflection mediated inhibition of the function of Flexor muscles.
Treatment
Simple analgesic drug has a place, as well as more specific oral treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs. The final treatment is the injection in and around the area tender and inflamed a long action of glucocorticoids (steroids) agents. After a first caused the worsening of symptoms lasting 24 to 48 hours, this is a resolution of the state in about five to seven days.
The ulnar nerve runs in the furrow between the medial epicondyle humeral and the process of the olecranon ulna. It 'very important that these nerves should not be damaged accidentally in the process of creating an elbow of golfer.
Elbow of golf or medial epicondylitis, is an inflammatory condition of the elbow, which in some ways similar to tennis elbow.
Flexor muscles of the forearm, namely the muscles responsible for bending the fingers and thumb, fist clenching and supinating the hand without biceps brachial meet on a tendon in common (attached) medial epicondyle of the humerus in the elbow joint. In response to minor injuries or, sometimes, for obvious reasons not entirely, the insertion point is lit.
The condition is known as the elbow of golfer, because a ride on a golf course this tendon is stressed, many people develop but the situation has never dealt with a golf club.
SYMPTOMS
The symptoms are predominant in pain medial aspect of the elbow joint, which is much worse if the Flexor muscles of the forearm arm under tension, but it can occur at rest. The examination of the medial epicondyle of the humerus is exquisitely tender. There may be some weakness of Flexor function, the pain of reflection mediated inhibition of the function of Flexor muscles.
Treatment
Simple analgesic drug has a place, as well as more specific oral treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs. The final treatment is the injection in and around the area tender and inflamed a long action of glucocorticoids (steroids) agents. After a first caused the worsening of symptoms lasting 24 to 48 hours, this is a resolution of the state in about five to seven days.
The ulnar nerve runs in the furrow between the medial epicondyle humeral and the process of the olecranon ulna. It 'very important that these nerves should not be damaged accidentally in the process of creating an elbow of golfer.
FITNESS TO DIVE
There are many medical conditions, which can dive more dangerous. This article deals with some of them, including health problems preclude diving.
Diving presents a series of challenges with unique medical needs for travellers. Since diving injuries are generally rare, only a few providers of health care are trained in their diagnosis and treatment. Thus, the recreational divers must be able to recognize the signs of injury and ensure the availability of diving medical help when necessary.
Planning for immersion in connection with the trip is important. Fitness immersion owes debate on changes in health status, or injury recent operations.
In general, respiratory diseases and possible disturbances, function and a greater awareness (such as diabetes or asthma) and psychological problems (such as anxiety) deals with fitness for diving.
Diving presents a series of challenges with unique medical needs for travellers. Since diving injuries are generally rare, only a few providers of health care are trained in their diagnosis and treatment. Thus, the recreational divers must be able to recognize the signs of injury and ensure the availability of diving medical help when necessary.
Planning for immersion in connection with the trip is important. Fitness immersion owes debate on changes in health status, or injury recent operations.
In general, respiratory diseases and possible disturbances, function and a greater awareness (such as diabetes or asthma) and psychological problems (such as anxiety) deals with fitness for diving.
DECOMPRESSION ILLNESS
Decompression illness is a risk for divers. The article concerns the signs and symptoms of the problem and as a chamber pressure can reverse the condition.
What is decompression sickness?
Decompression illness (DCI) is an all-inclusive term that includes dysbaric injuries, arterial gas embolism (AGE), and decompression sickness (DCS).
Since the two diseases are as a result of different causes, are described separately. But from a clinical and practical aspects, while in the area may be impossible and unnecessary, since the first treatment is the same for both.
DCI can also occur when divers have closely followed the tables decompression standards and principles of safety diving.
Embolia gas arterial
Over inflation of the lungs can lead as the scuba diver rises to the surface without exhaling. During the ascent, compressed gas trapped in the lungs increases in volume until the expansion of the elastic limit of lung tissue, causing damage and the gas bubbles to flee to areas around the lungs. Air entering the pleural space-lung collapse causes or pneumothorax.
Air can also use the mediastinum (space around the heart, trachea and oesophagus), which mediastinal emphysema. Air in the mediastinum often tracks under the skin (subcutaneous emphysema) or in the tissues around the larynx, precipitated a change in the characteristics of the vote.
While mediastinal emphysema or subcutaneous more spontaneous pneumothorax may require special treatment to remove the air and reinflate the lung.
Air may also be the blood, where bubbles are distributed in tissues of the body, including heart and brain, where they disrupt traffic. ETA may cause minimal symptoms or neurological symptoms can be dramatic and immediate attention.
These signs and symptoms include numbness, weakness, tingling, dizziness, visual confusion, chest pain; personality; bloody foam from the mouth or nose; paralysis or convulsions, loss of consciousness or death.
In general, all Scuba Diver, surface unconscious or lose consciousness within 10 minutes after arrival must be assumed that age. Establishment of basic life support, including the administration of oxygen to 100%, is followed by a rapid evacuation to a pressure treatment plant.
Sickness decompression
Air-breathing causes pressure inert gas (nitrogen) to spread in the body tissue. This diffusion occurs at different rates in different tissues and continue until the partial pressure of gas is greater inspired gas registered in the fabric. Then, the amount of gas absorbed depends on the depth and time spent in deep. As the diver rises to the surface, this process is reversed, as the partial pressure of gas residual value higher than in circulatory and respiratory system. Climb from a dive can lead to over-saturation of inert gas (tissue partial pressure greater than atmospheric pressure) so that the gas dissolved in the form of bubbles in the tissues and cause signs and symptoms of decompression sickness.
These symptoms include pain or joint pain, numbness, tingling, or marbling Mottling of the skin; spasms cough, shortness of breath, itching, unusual fatigue, dizziness, weakness, changes in personality, loss of feces or bladder function; staggering, loss of coordination, tremors or collapse or paralysis and loss of consciousness.
Serious violations can lead to both feet of decompression sickness and arterial gas embolism.
What is decompression sickness?
Decompression illness (DCI) is an all-inclusive term that includes dysbaric injuries, arterial gas embolism (AGE), and decompression sickness (DCS).
Since the two diseases are as a result of different causes, are described separately. But from a clinical and practical aspects, while in the area may be impossible and unnecessary, since the first treatment is the same for both.
DCI can also occur when divers have closely followed the tables decompression standards and principles of safety diving.
Embolia gas arterial
Over inflation of the lungs can lead as the scuba diver rises to the surface without exhaling. During the ascent, compressed gas trapped in the lungs increases in volume until the expansion of the elastic limit of lung tissue, causing damage and the gas bubbles to flee to areas around the lungs. Air entering the pleural space-lung collapse causes or pneumothorax.
Air can also use the mediastinum (space around the heart, trachea and oesophagus), which mediastinal emphysema. Air in the mediastinum often tracks under the skin (subcutaneous emphysema) or in the tissues around the larynx, precipitated a change in the characteristics of the vote.
While mediastinal emphysema or subcutaneous more spontaneous pneumothorax may require special treatment to remove the air and reinflate the lung.
Air may also be the blood, where bubbles are distributed in tissues of the body, including heart and brain, where they disrupt traffic. ETA may cause minimal symptoms or neurological symptoms can be dramatic and immediate attention.
These signs and symptoms include numbness, weakness, tingling, dizziness, visual confusion, chest pain; personality; bloody foam from the mouth or nose; paralysis or convulsions, loss of consciousness or death.
In general, all Scuba Diver, surface unconscious or lose consciousness within 10 minutes after arrival must be assumed that age. Establishment of basic life support, including the administration of oxygen to 100%, is followed by a rapid evacuation to a pressure treatment plant.
Sickness decompression
Air-breathing causes pressure inert gas (nitrogen) to spread in the body tissue. This diffusion occurs at different rates in different tissues and continue until the partial pressure of gas is greater inspired gas registered in the fabric. Then, the amount of gas absorbed depends on the depth and time spent in deep. As the diver rises to the surface, this process is reversed, as the partial pressure of gas residual value higher than in circulatory and respiratory system. Climb from a dive can lead to over-saturation of inert gas (tissue partial pressure greater than atmospheric pressure) so that the gas dissolved in the form of bubbles in the tissues and cause signs and symptoms of decompression sickness.
These symptoms include pain or joint pain, numbness, tingling, or marbling Mottling of the skin; spasms cough, shortness of breath, itching, unusual fatigue, dizziness, weakness, changes in personality, loss of feces or bladder function; staggering, loss of coordination, tremors or collapse or paralysis and loss of consciousness.
Serious violations can lead to both feet of decompression sickness and arterial gas embolism.
CREAKY KNEES
Creaky knees sportsmen may indicate a condition known as patellofemoral pain is sometimes referred to as "runner's knee." This article deals with the causes and what is necessary treatment.
CALF MUSCLE INJURIES
Calf muscle injuries are one of the most common sports injuries. This article provides an overview of the wounded, the recommended treatment, and how it can be prevented.
The calf or gastosoleus is a pair of muscles-the-gastrocnemius and soleus on the back of the lower leg human. Gastrosoleus the complex with his foot through the Achilles tendon and contractors to induce plantar flexion and stabilize the ankle complex in the transverse plane.
A torn calf muscle happens when the calf muscle is pulled apart from the Achilles tendon. Strong pain felt by the victims - one would think that you just shot in the leg and heard a "pop". Impromptu pain felt around the leg.
This happens during acceleration of injury or changes of direction. Lacerato the calf muscle spasm in May, and the contract with force. Point toes. Ammaccature evident in the foot and ankle the pooling of blood from internal bleeding.
The calf or gastosoleus is a pair of muscles-the-gastrocnemius and soleus on the back of the lower leg human. Gastrosoleus the complex with his foot through the Achilles tendon and contractors to induce plantar flexion and stabilize the ankle complex in the transverse plane.
A torn calf muscle happens when the calf muscle is pulled apart from the Achilles tendon. Strong pain felt by the victims - one would think that you just shot in the leg and heard a "pop". Impromptu pain felt around the leg.
This happens during acceleration of injury or changes of direction. Lacerato the calf muscle spasm in May, and the contract with force. Point toes. Ammaccature evident in the foot and ankle the pooling of blood from internal bleeding.
BUTTOCK PAIN IN ATHLETES
Natiche pain is a widespread problem in athletes and can be a symptom of other conditions. This article deals with the causes and how they are treated.
The diagnosis of the specific cause of buttocks pain can be difficult.
The most common causes of back pain are:
1st In the sense of pain lumbar spine
Natiche pain, decreasing the back of the femur suggests a lower back problem. However, it may also close external hip rotator muscles.
2nd In the sense of pain sacroiliac joints
Natiche pain is worse in the morning, and improves with light exercise, is suggestive of pain from inflamed sacroiliac joints.
3rd Hamstring problems
Hamsting problems include tendonitis, sometimes tears, and bursitis.
The treatment of various causes of back pain depends on the cause of pain buttocks.
The diagnosis of the specific cause of buttocks pain can be difficult.
The most common causes of back pain are:
1st In the sense of pain lumbar spine
Natiche pain, decreasing the back of the femur suggests a lower back problem. However, it may also close external hip rotator muscles.
2nd In the sense of pain sacroiliac joints
Natiche pain is worse in the morning, and improves with light exercise, is suggestive of pain from inflamed sacroiliac joints.
3rd Hamstring problems
Hamsting problems include tendonitis, sometimes tears, and bursitis.
The treatment of various causes of back pain depends on the cause of pain buttocks.
ANKLE INJURIES
A sprained ankle is a common sports injuries. This article describes the recommended treatment, recovery and signs of serious bodily injury.
Sprain ankle is the most common violation of a sports medicine practice.
Although some signs and symptoms may be used to assess the seriousness of a sprain in the final method is the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Sprains are classified into four grades. A first degree ankle sprain has only slight cracks in his degree ligament sprain is characterized by a complete breakdown.
Signs and symptoms
The typical signs and symptoms associated with a sprained ankle, the cardinal signs of inflammation:
* Lokalisierten pain
* Swelling
* Loss of function
Prevention
Sprains ankle can be prevented from proper use of safety devices (for example, guards ankle), warm-up and cool-low (including stretching), is aware of your surroundings and maintain the strength and flexibility.
Treatment
The first mode is sprain RICE:
Rest: stop all activities that cause pain sprained area.
Ice: Apply frosting on the area several times a day, but never more than 10-15 minutes at a time. Protecting the skin and prevents swelling at the same time.
Compression: Wrap the sprained area to reduce swelling. Cold water will do the same.
Elevation: Keep the sprained area so close to the level of the heart is comfortable as possible.
The ice and compression (cold therapy compression) stops the pain and swelling, while the injury starts to heal. The control swelling and inflammation is crucial for the healing process and further limited the leakage of liquid cold in the area of injured and control pain.
Sprain ankle is the most common violation of a sports medicine practice.
Although some signs and symptoms may be used to assess the seriousness of a sprain in the final method is the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Sprains are classified into four grades. A first degree ankle sprain has only slight cracks in his degree ligament sprain is characterized by a complete breakdown.
Signs and symptoms
The typical signs and symptoms associated with a sprained ankle, the cardinal signs of inflammation:
* Lokalisierten pain
* Swelling
* Loss of function
Prevention
Sprains ankle can be prevented from proper use of safety devices (for example, guards ankle), warm-up and cool-low (including stretching), is aware of your surroundings and maintain the strength and flexibility.
Treatment
The first mode is sprain RICE:
Rest: stop all activities that cause pain sprained area.
Ice: Apply frosting on the area several times a day, but never more than 10-15 minutes at a time. Protecting the skin and prevents swelling at the same time.
Compression: Wrap the sprained area to reduce swelling. Cold water will do the same.
Elevation: Keep the sprained area so close to the level of the heart is comfortable as possible.
The ice and compression (cold therapy compression) stops the pain and swelling, while the injury starts to heal. The control swelling and inflammation is crucial for the healing process and further limited the leakage of liquid cold in the area of injured and control pain.
BACK INJURIES
Back pain is a very common symptom. This article describes the exchange rate, investigation and treatment options.
What is pain?
Back pain is a problem all too familiar, which can vary from a dull, constant pain for a sudden, severe pain, lets you incapacitated. It may suddenly - in an accident, a fall or lifting something too heavy - or can develop slowly, perhaps due to age changes in the spine. Regardless of how it happened, or how it feels, you know, if you have it. And the possibilities are, if not now, will at some point.
As is common?
At some point, back pain affects an estimated 8 out of 10 people. It belongs to our society most common health problems.
What are the risk factors for back pain?
While anyone can have, back pain, a number of factors that increase the risk. These include:
Age: The first attack of low back pain usually occurs between the ages of 30 and 40 Back pain is more frequent with age.
Fitness Level: back pain is more common in people who are not physically fit. Weak back and abdominal muscles may not work properly support the spine. "Weekend warriors" - people who go out and a lot of exercise, inactive after that all week - are more likely to suffer painful injuries, when people are moderate physical activity daily habit. Studies show that low-impact aerobic exercise is good for stuffing discs that the vertebrae, the bones that make up the spine.
Nutrition: a diet with high calorie and fat content, combined with an inactive lifestyle can lead to obesity, stress can be found on the opposite side.
Heritage: Some causes of back pain, including CD's disease, may have a genetic component.
Stroke: The race may be a factor back. African American women, for example, are two to three times more likely to white women to develop spondylolisthesis, a condition in which a vortex of the lower spine - including the lumbar spine - slipping out of place.
The presence of other diseases: Many diseases can cause or contribute to back pain. These include various forms of arthritis, such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis and other types of cancer in the body, may participate in the backbone.
Risk factors professional: After a job that requires heavy lifting, push, pull and, in particular as a turning point or vibrations of the spine, can lead to injuries and back pain. Idle job or a desk job may also cause or contribute to pain, especially when poor posture or all day sitting in a chair uncomfortable.
Of smoking: Smoking can not directly cause back pain, increases the risk of developing low back pain and low back pain with sciatica. (Sciatica is back pain that radiates to fashion and / or leg pressure on a nerve.) For example, smoking can cause pain by blocking the body of the ability to provide nutrients for the slabs of the lower back . Cough or more times due to strong smoking can cause back pain. It 'also possible that smokers are less physically fit or less healthy than non-smokers, which increases the probability that it will develop back pain. In addition, smoking is slow to heal, the pain of renewal for people who have back injuries, back surgery or broken bones.
What are the causes of back pain?
It 'important to understand that back pain is a symptom of a disease, not even a diagnosis. Problems doctors can cause back pain are as follows:
Mechanical Problems: A mechanical problem is a problem with the way your spine moves or how to feel if your spine in a certain way. Perhaps the most common cause of mechanical back pain is a condition called disc degeneration of the spinal cord, which simply means that the discs are located between the vertebrae of the spine are the reduction with age. As deteriorate, they lose their ability sponge. This problem can cause pain when his back is underlined. Other mechanical causes of back pain, spasms, muscle tension and crushed disks, also known as disk herniated discs.
Injuries: spinal cord injuries as sprains and fractures can cause short-term or chronic pain. Sprains are tears in the ligaments that support the spine, and can occur from twisting or lifting wrong. Column fractured vertebrae are often the result of osteoporosis, a condition that causes weak, porous bones. Less frequently, back pain can be caused by other serious injuries caused by accidents and falls.
Acquired conditions and diseases: Many health problems can cause or contribute to back pain. These include scoliosis, which means that the curvature of the spine and usually cause no pain until the middle of life; spondylolisthesis; various forms of arthritis, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis and stenosis, a narrowing spine, Fixed pressure on the spinal cord and nerves. While osteoporosis itself is not painful, can lead to painful fractures of the spine. Other causes of back pain include pregnancy, kidney stones or infection, endometriosis, which is the institution of the uterine lining tissue outside the uterus and fibromyalgia, which causes fatigue and widespread muscle pain.
Infections and cancer, even if they are not common causes of back pain, infections can cause pain when the spine, a condition called osteomyelitis, or if you are the discs that cushion the vertebrae, called discitis. Tumors are relatively rare causes of back pain. Occasionally, cancer start at the back, but more often appear at the back due to cancer, has moved from other parts of the body.
Although the causes of back pain are usually physical, it is important to know that emotional stress can play a role, such as the pain is severe and how long it takes. Stress can rely on the body in many ways, including back muscles caused by tense and painful.
Back pain can be prevented?
One of the best things you can do to prevent back pain is to exercise regularly and keep your back muscles strong. Four types of exercises are described as' back pain? below. Everyone can help prevent injuries and pain. Exercises to improve balance and strength that can reduce the risk of falls and back injuries or fractures of the bones. Exercises such as Tai Chi and yoga - or any physical activity that challenges your balance - are good to try.
Eating a healthy diet is also important. For one thing, to eat a healthy weight - or to lose weight if you are overweight - you can avoid injury and unnecessary stress and tension on the back. To ensure that its strong spine, like all the bones have enough calcium and vitamin D per day. These nutrients to prevent osteoporosis, which is responsible for most of bone fractures, leading to back pain. Football in dairy products, green leafy vegetables and fortified products like orange juice. It makes the skin vitamin D when in the sun. If you do not have much outside, you can vitamin D from your diet: almost all milk and other foods are fortified with this nutrient. Most adults do not have enough calcium and vitamin D, ask your doctor about what is necessary per day, and consider a food supplement or a multi-vitamin.
Practicing good posture and supports your back properly, and in order to avoid heavy lifting, if you can help prevent all accidents. If you do something heavy, keep your back straight. Do not bend the element, but to keep the stress on your legs and hips.
When should see a doctor for treatment of pain?
In most cases, there is no need to consult a doctor for back pain, pain, because usually goes away with or without treatment. However, a trip to a doctor is probably a good idea if you have numbness or tingling, if your pain is severe and not improve with medication and recreation, or if you have pain after a fall or an injury. It 'also important to consult your doctor if you have pain with one of the following problems: problems to urinate, weakness, pain or feeling numbness in the legs, fever or involuntary weight loss. These symptoms may signal a serious problem that requires treatment soon.
What kind of doctor should I see?
Many different types of doctors treat back pain, from family doctors for doctors specializing in diseases of the nervous system and muscular-skeletal. In most cases it is best to secure your primary care doctor. In many cases, he or she address the problem. In other cases, your doctor may refer to an appropriate specialist.
How is the diagnosis of back pain?
Diagnosis of the causes of back pain requires a medical history and physical examination. If necessary, your doctor may also order medical examinations, which may include X-ray
During medical history, your doctor questions about the nature of pain and health problems and that close family members have or have had. Questions could include the following:
* Did you like your return or wounded recently?
* E 'in your back feel better - or worse evil - if you lie down?
* Are there activities or positions, the ease or aggravate the pain?
* Your pain worse or better, at a certain time of day?
* Have you or a family member have arthritis or other diseases that can affect the spine?
* Have you been back surgery or back pain?
* Did you have pain, feeling numbness and / or tingling down one or both legs?
During the physical examination, the doctor
* Watches you stand and walk
* Check the reflexes to seek increased or slowed reflexes, one of which may indicate problems with nerves
* Check fibromyalgia for the examination of your offer back to points raised objections on the body, the pain when pressure is applied to them
* To control muscle strength and sensation
* To control the signs of nerve root irritation.
Often a doctor find the cause of your pain with a physicist and a history alone. However, depending on what the history and examination suggests that your doctor for medical examinations to help find the cause.
Here are some tests your doctor may order:
X-ray: Traditional X-ray use of low levels of radiation to project an image on a piece of film (Some recent X-ray techniques to use electronic imaging). They are often used for bone and the bone structures of the body. Your doctor may decide that an X-Ray, if he or she suspected that a fracture or osteoarthritis, or that your spine is not correct.
Magnetic Resonance (MRI): MRI uses a strong magnetic force instead of radiation to create an image. Unlike an X-Ray, only shows bone structures, a product of MRI scan clear images of soft tissues, such as tapes, tendons and blood vessels. Your doctor may order an MRI scan if he or she suspects a problem as an infection, cancer, inflammation or pressure on a nerve. An MRI scans, in most cases it is not necessary in the early stages of low back pain, unless your doctor detects certain "red flags" in your history and physical examination. An MRI scan is required if the pain continues for more than 3-6 weeks, or if the doctor thinks that it may be necessary to consult surgery. Since most low back pain goes away by itself, always an MRI scan too early can sometimes be confusing for the patient and doctor.
The computed tomography (CT) scan: A TAC allows the doctor to see spinal not see the traditional X-ray This is a three-dimensional image that a computer from a series of two-dimensional images, takes on the back. Your doctor may order a TAC to find problems, including herniated disk drives, tumours or stenosis.
Blood tests: Although blood tests can not generally be used in the diagnosis of the causes of back pain, the doctor may order them in some cases. Analysis of blood, which can be used are as follows:
* Blood count (CBC), which can lead to problems such as inflammation or infection
* Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (also known as the rate of sed), a measure of inflammation could indicate that the infection. The presence of inflammation may also suggest that some forms of arthritis or, in rare cases, cancer.
It 'important to understand that medical tests alone will not lead to the diagnosis of back pain. In fact, experts say that up to 90 percent of all MRI scans of the spine, a sort of anomalies, and sometimes the X-rays and CT scans of people without pain show problems. Similarly, even some healthy pain-free people can have sed price increase.
Only with a medical history and examination - and sometimes medical examinations - a doctor can diagnose the cause of back pain. Many times, the exact cause of back pain is never known. In such cases it may be comforting to know that most back pain is better or not, if you find out what caused it.
What is the difference between acute and chronic pain?
Pain is striking is suddenly - after falling from a ladder, addressed to the football stadium, or lifting a burden that is simply too difficult, for example - acute pain. Acute pain is rapidly and leaves are often just as fast. A classified as acute pain must not exceed 6 weeks. Acute pain is the most common form of back pain.
Chronic pain, on the other hand, they can quickly or slowly, and covers a long period of time. Normally, that the pain longer than 3 months as a chronic problem. Chronic pain is much less common acute pain.
How is pain?
Treatment of back pain in general, depends on what kind of pain occur: acute or chronic.
Treble backache
Treble back pain usually is better alone and without treatment, although you may want to try paracetamol (acetaminophen), aspirin or ibuprofen to relieve pain. Perhaps the best advice is, go to your normal activities, wherever possible, with the certainty that the problem is clear. Alzarsi and move to ease stiffness, pain, and return to normal activities than before. Exercises are generally not recommended for acute back pain, nor is surgery.
Mal chronic back
Treatment of chronic back pain fall into two categories: nature, requires a functioning and the way in which this is not the case. In the vast majority of cases, back pain does not require surgery. Doctors are almost always try nonsurgical treatments before the surgery recommended. In a small percentage of cases - for back pain is a cancer, infection or a main nerve problem called cauda equina syndrome, for example - quick operation is needed to relieve pain and prevent further problems.
The following are some of the most common treatments for chronic back pain.
Not operational treatments
Hot or cold: hot and cold packs - or sometimes a combination of both - can be calming to chronically sore, stiff back. Heat expands blood vessels, improving the supply of oxygen that blood is on the back and reducing muscle cramps. Heat also changed the perception of pain. Cold, inflammation of reducing the size of blood vessels and blood flow in the area. Although I feel cold in May against the painful skin, it numbs deep pain. Heat or cold in May relieve pain, but not lead to healing of chronic back pain.
Exercise: Although the practice is usually not recommended for acute back pain, proper exercise can alleviate chronic pain and perhaps reduce their risk in return. The following four types of exercises are important for the overall physical fitness and can be very useful for some causes of back pain:
Deflection: The purpose of bending exercises, the exercises, where you bend forward, to 1) expand the spaces between the vertebrae, which put pressure on nerves, 2) stretch muscles of the spine and hips, and 3) the strengthening of Abdomen -- And buttocks muscles. Many doctors believe that the strengthening of the muscles of the abdomen reduces the load on the spine. A word of caution: if the back pain is a herniated disc, consult your doctor before bending exercises, because it can increase the pressure inside of records, making the problem worse.
Direct telephone with an extension exercises, go back. To minimize the radiating pain, pain felt in other parts of the body, where in addition to its origin. Examples of extension exercises are leg while lifting vulnerable and an increase in the trunk, while lying exposed. The theory behind these exercises is that you open the spinal canal in places and develop the muscles that support the spine.
Stretching: The goal of stretching exercises, as the name suggests, the route and improve the extension of the muscles and other soft tissue back. This can reduce the stiffness and back to improve the scope of the movement.
Aerobics: Aerobic exercise is the way it is your heart pumping faster and keep your heart rate elevated for a while '. For fitness, it is important that at least 30 minutes of aerobic (also known as cardio-vascular) must exercise three times a week. Aerobic exercises, large muscles of the body and lively even walking, jogging and swimming. To back problems, we should avoid exercise that requires twisting or bending forward energy, such as aerobics and dance rowing, because these actions may increase the pressure on discs and even more harm than good. Also, avoid high-impact activities, if you have disc disease. If back pain or your level of fitness makes it impossible to exercise 30 minutes at a time, try three to 10 minutes to start working sessions and up to destination. But first, ask your doctor or physiotherapist safe aerobic exercise for you.
Drugs: A wide range of drugs used to treat chronic back pain. Some may try for themselves. Others are only with a prescription. The following are the main types of drugs for back pain.
Analgesics: analgesic drugs are those designed specifically to alleviate the pain. These include over-the-counter paracetamol (acetaminophen) (Tylenol1) and aspirin and prescription drugs, like oxycodone with paracetamol (acetaminophen) (Percocet) or hydrocodone with paracetamol (acetaminophen) (Vicodin). Aspirin and paracetamol (acetaminophen), more commonly used analgesics; drugs should be used only for a short period of time to severe pain or pain after surgery. people with muscle or back pain, arthritis pain is not relieved by medications may be useful topical analgesics. These creams, ointments, salves and rubbed directly on the skin site of pain. They use one or more of a variety of ingredients to relieve pain. topical analgesics include products such as Zostrix, Icy Hot, and Ben Gay.
1 marks in this booklet are provided only as examples, and their integration does not mean that these products are used by the National Institutes of Health or other government body. Also, if a certain brand is not mentioned, this does not mean or that the product is not satisfactory.
NSAIDs: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are drugs that relieve pain and inflammation is, who can also play a role in some cases of back pain. Nonprescription products NSAIDs include ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil), ketoprofen (Actron, Orudis KT) and naproxen sodium (Aleve). More than a dozen others, including a subclass of NSAID called COX-2 inhibitors, only with a prescription.
All NSAIDs work in the same way: the blocking of substances called prostaglandins, inflammation and pain. However, any NSAID is another chemical, and each has a slightly different effect on body2.
Note 2: NSAIDs can cause stomach irritation or, less commonly, may affect renal function. The longer a person used NSAIDs, the more likely he or she is to have side effects ranging from mild to severe. Many other drugs can not be taken if a patient is treated with NSAIDs because NSAIDs are changing the way in which the body used or disposed of these other drugs. Ask your health care provider or pharmacist before NSAIDs. Even NSAIDs are sometimes associated with serious gastrointestinal problems such as ulcers, perforations and bleeding in the stomach or intestine. People over 65 years and those with a history of ulcers or gastrointestinal bleeding NSAIDs should be treated with caution.
The side effects of all NSAIDs can upset stomach and stomach ulcers, heartburn, diarrhea, and fluid retention, but COX-2 inhibitors are designed to cause fewer stomach ulcers. For reasons unknown, some people seem to be better than another NSAID. It 'important work with your doctor to choose the one that safer and more effective for you.
Other drugs: muscle relaxants and some antidepressants were also responsible for chronic back pain, but their usefulness is debatable.
Drive: traction involves using pulleys and weights on the route. The logic of traction is to pull the vertebrae as well as a bulging disc slip again. Some people experience pain, while in traction, but the relief is usually temporary. When traction is released, the path is not sustainable and back pain is likely to return. There is no scientific evidence that any traction offers long-term benefits for people with back pain.
Corsets and bras: busts and parentheses contain a number of devices such as elastic and rigid supported with metal stays that are restricting the movement of the lumbar spine, the abdominal support and correct posture. While this may be appropriate for certain types of operations, there is little, if any, evidence that they help treat chronic back pain. In fact, to use the back muscles can cause more problems than actually solved is to return to weaken the muscles from lack of use.
Verhalten update: The development of a healthy attitude and learn to move your body properly when daily activities - particularly for heavy lifting, pushing, pulling and - sometimes are part of a plan of treatment for people with back pain. Other changes behavior, which may be useful to understand the pain the adoption of healthy habits, such as movement, relaxation and regular sleep, falls and bad habits like smoking and eating little.
Injections: When drugs and other treatments not nonsurgical to alleviate the chronic back pain, doctors may recommend injections for pain. Here are some of the most commonly used injections, although some are of doubtful utility:
Nerve root blocks: When an inflamed nerve or compressed, as it passes from the spine between the vertebrae, a syringe as the root of the nerve block can be used for the consequent ease back pain in the legs. The injection of steroids contains a drug and / or anaesthesia and managed on the interested party nerve. If the procedure helps or not, depends on finding injecting and only the right nerve.
Appearance joint injections: The appearance joints are those in which the spine connect to each other, so that the spine. Although arthritis joints aspect itself is rarely the source of back pain, injection of steroids or anaesthetic drugs in joints is sometimes tried as a way to relieve pain. The effectiveness of these contributions is questionable. One study suggests that this treatment is overused and ineffective.
Trigger point injections: In this procedure, an anaesthetic in some areas at the back, pain when the doctor applies pressure to them. Some medical steroid drugs for injection. Although injections are commonly used, researchers have discovered that the injection of anaesthetic and / or steroids trigger points in no more than alleviate "dry needling" or the insertion of a needle, not the injection of a drug.
Prolotherapy: One of the most talked-about procedures for back pain, prolotherapy is a treatment where a doctor injects a solution of sugar or other substances irritant within the limits of points along the periosteum (the tough, fibrous tissue to bone) trigger an inflammatory response that promotes the growth of dense, fibrous tissue. The theory behind prolotherapy is that the growth of tissues strengthens the attachment of tendons and ligaments, relaxation has contributed to back pain. So far, studies have not confirmed the effectiveness of prolotherapy. The process is mainly used by chiropractors and osteopathic doctors.
Complementary and alternative therapies: When back pain becomes chronic or when drugs and other conventional therapies do not raise many people try to complementary and alternative treatments. Even if these therapies do not cure diseases or repair the injury that pain, some people find it useful for the administration or the relief of pain. Here are some of the most commonly used complementary therapies.
Handling: Spinal manipulation refers to proceedings in which professionals to mobilize their hands, adapt, massage, or support the spine and surrounding tissue. This type of therapy is often caused by osteopathic physicians and chiropractors. He tends to be more effective in people with pain and simple when used with other therapies. Manipulation of the spinal cord is not appropriate if you have a medical problem such as osteoporosis, spinal cord compression, or inflammatory arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis) or if the blood-slimming drugs like warfarin (Coumadin) or heparin (Calciparine , Liquaemin).
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS): TENS includes the use of a small box on the painful area bears mild electrical impulses to the nerves. The theory is that the promotion of the nervous system, the perception of pain. Studien der Frühe TEN vorgeschlagen, es könnte das erhöhen Niveau von Endorphinen, den körpereigenen natürlichen Schmerz-betäubend chemicals, im Rückenmark Flüssigkeit. Aber spätere Studien Wirksamkeit gegen seine Schmerzen haben gemischte Ergebnisse.
Akupunktur: Diese high chinesische Praxis wurde gewinnt zunehmend an Popularität Akzeptanz und in den Vereinigten Staaten. Es basiert auf der Theorie, dass ein Leben rief Kraft Qi (Chee sprich) fließt durch den Körper entlang bestimmter Kanäle, die blockiert, wenn Krankheit verursachen kann. Nach der Theorie, die von Einfügung dünnen Nadeln in genau Standorten entlang dieser Kanäle durch die Sperre Praktiker kann für den Fluss des Qi, der Linderung Schmerzen und die von der Wiederherstellung Gesundheit.
Obwohl einige westliche ausgebildete Ärzte zustimmen würde, mit dem Konzept des Qi blockiert, einige glauben, dass das Einfügen und anschließend anregende Nadeln (durch Drehen oder eines im Zuge Niederspannungs-elektrischen Strom durch sie) kann fördern die Produktion der körpereigenen natürlichen Schmerz-betäubend Chemikalien , Wie Endorphine, Serotonin, Acetylcholin.
Ein Konsens Panel einberufen durch die National Institutes of Health (NIH) im Jahr 1997 der Schluss gezogen, dass es eindeutige Beweise dieser Behandlung wirksam ist für einige Schmerzen Bedingungen, einschließlich der postoperativen Zahnschmerzen. Zwar gibt es weniger überzeugende Beweise zur Unterstützung für mit Rückenschmerzen Akupunktur und andere einige Schmerzen Bedingungen, die Gruppe zu der Schlußfolgerung, daß Akupunktur wirksam sein können, wenn sie als Teil einer umfassenden Behandlungsplan für niedrige Rückenschmerzen, Fibromyalgie, und anderen mehreren Bedingungen.
Akupressur: Wie bei Akupunktur, die Theorie hinter Akupressur besteht darin, dass es unblocks den Fluss von Qi. Der Unterschied zwischen Akupressur Akupunktur und ist, dass keine Nadeln werden in der Akupressur. Stattdessen wird ein Therapeut bezieht Druck entlang Punkte auf der Kanäle seiner oder mit ihrer Hände, Ellbogen, oder sogar die Füße. (In einigen Fällen sind die Patienten zu tun gelehrt, ihre eigenen Akupressur.) Akupressur wurde nicht gut für Rückenschmerzen untersucht.
Rolfing: Eine Art der Massage, Rolfing geht mit starkem Druck auf Gewebe tief in den Rücken zu entlasten Engegefühl in der Faszie, der Mantel aus Gewebe, das die Muskeln, das kann dazu führen, dass oder einen Beitrag zu Rückenschmerzen. Die Theorie hinter Rolfing ist, dass die Freigabe Muskeln und Gewebe aus der Faszie ermöglicht dem Rücken richtig ausrichten. Bisher haben die Nützlichkeit für Rolfing Rückenschmerzen wurde noch nicht wissenschaftlich bewiesen.
Operative Behandlungen
Abhängig von der Diagnose, Operation kann es sich um die erste Therapie der Wahl - obwohl dies selten ist - oder es ist reserviert für chronische Rückenschmerzen, bei denen andere Therapien versagt haben. Wenn Sie stehen in ständigem Schmerzen oder Schmerzen erneut auftritt, wenn häufig und stört mit Ihrer Fähigkeit zu schlafen, zu funktionieren in Ihrem Job, oder Verrichtungen des täglichen Lebens, werden Sie möglicherweise ein Kandidat für Chirurgie.
In der Regel gibt es zwei Gruppen von Menschen, erfordert möglicherweise eine Operation zur Behandlung von Wirbelsäulen-ihre Probleme. Die Menschen in der ersten Gruppe haben chronischen Rückenschmerzen und Ischias, und sie sind häufig diagnostiziert mit einem Bandscheibenvorfall, Stenosen, spondylolisthesis, oder vertebraler Frakturen mit Beteiligung Nerven. Die Menschen in der zweiten Gruppe sind diejenigen, mit nur geringen vorherrschende Rückenschmerzen (ohne Schmerzen in den Beinen). Es handelt sich um Menschen mit niedrigen discogenic Rückenschmerzen (degenerative disc disease), in der Verschleiß-Discs mit dem Alter zu. Üblicherweise werden die Ergebnisse der Wirbelsäulenchirurgie ist viel mehr berechenbar bei Menschen mit Ischias als in solchen mit vorherrschenden niedrigen Rückenschmerzen.
Einige der Diagnosen, die Notwendigkeit der Operation gehören:
Bandscheibenvorfall-Discs: ein potenziell schmerzhaften Problem, bei dem die harte äußere Schicht der Scheiben, das sind die runden Stücke von Bindegewebe das Kissen die Knochen der Wirbelsäule, sind beschädigt, so dass die Discs "Gelee-Center zum Leck, irritierend, in der Nähe Nerven . Dies führt zu schweren Ischias und Nervenschmerzen Festlegung der Bein. Ein Bandscheibenvorfall ist manchmal auch gebrochen Scheibe.
Spinal Stenose: Verengung der Wirbelkanal, durch die das Rückenmark und Nerven Rückenmark laufen.
Es wird oft durch die Überwucherung des Knochens, die durch Osteoarthritis der Wirbelsäule. Kompression der Nerven verursacht durch spinale Stenose führen kann nicht nur zu Schmerzen, sondern auch zu Taubheitsgefühl in den Beinen und den Verlust von Blase und / oder Darm. Die Patienten können das Problem auch zu Fuß alle Distanzen und können auch starke Schmerzen in ihren Beinen zusammen mit Taubheit und Kribbeln.
Spondylolisthesis: ein Zustand, in dem ein Wirbel der Lendenwirbelsäule rutscht fehl am Platz. Da die Wirbelsäule zu stabilisieren versucht selbst, die Verbindungen zwischen den Wirbel rutschte und den angrenzenden Wirbel werden können vergrößert, Einklemmen Nerven, als sie die Ausfahrt Wirbelsäule. Spondylolisthesis kann dazu führen, dass nicht nur niedrig, sondern Rückenschmerzen Ischias schwere Schmerzen in den Beinen.
Vertebraler Frakturen: Knochenbrüche, die durch Trauma auf die Wirbel der Wirbelsäule oder durch bröckelt der Wirbelsäule aufgrund von Osteoporose. Dies führt dazu, dass meist mechanische Rückenschmerzen, sie kann aber auch Druck auf die Nerven, wodurch Schmerzen in den Beinen.
Discogenic Low Back Pain (Degenerative Disc Disease): Most people’s discs degenerate over a lifetime, but in some, this aging process can become chronically painful, severely interfering with their quality of life.
Following are some of the most commonly performed back surgeries:
For herniated discs:
Laminectomy/discectomy: In this operation, part of the lamina, a portion of the bone on the back of the vertebrae, is removed, as well as a portion of a ligament. The herniated disc is then removed through the incision, which may extend two or more inches.
Microdiscectomy: As with traditional discectomy, this procedure involves removing a herniated disc or damaged portion of a disc through an incision in the back. The difference is that the incision is much smaller and the doctor uses a magnifying microscope or lenses to locate the disc through the incision. The smaller incision may reduce pain and the disruption of tissues, and it reduces the size of the surgical scar. It appears to take about the same time to recuperate from a microdiscectomy as from a traditional discectomy.
Laser surgery: Technological advances in recent decades have led to the use of lasers for operating on patients with herniated discs accompanied by lower back and leg pain. During this procedure, the surgeon inserts a needle in the disc that delivers a few bursts of laser energy to vaporize the tissue in the disc. This reduces its size and relieves pressure on the nerves. Although many patients return to daily activities within 3 to 5 days after laser surgery, pain relief may not be apparent until several weeks or even months after the surgery. The usefulness of laser discectomy is still being debated.
For spinal stenosis:
Laminectomy: When narrowing of the spine compresses the nerve roots, causing pain and/or affecting sensation, doctors sometimes open up the spinal column with a procedure called a laminectomy. In a laminectomy, the doctor makes a large incision down the affected area of the spine and removes the lamina and any bone spurs, which are overgrowths of bone, that may have formed in the spinal canal as the result of osteoarthritis. The procedure is major surgery that requires a short hospital stay and physical therapy afterwards to help regain strength and mobility.
For spondylolisthesis:
Spinal fusion: When a slipped vertebra leads to the enlargement of adjacent facet joints, surgical treatment generally involves both laminectomy (as described above) and spinal fusion. In spinal fusion, two or more vertebrae are joined together using bone grafts, screws, and rods to stop slippage of the affected vertebrae. Bone used for grafting comes from another area of the body, usually the hip or pelvis. In some cases, donor bone is used.
Although the surgery is generally successful, either type of graft has its drawbacks. Using your own bone means surgery at a second site on your body. With donor bone, there is a slight risk of disease transmission or rejection. In recent years, a new development has eliminated those risks for some people undergoing spinal fusion: proteins called bone morphogenic proteins are being used to stimulate bone generation, eliminating the need for grafts. The proteins are placed in the affected area of the spine, often in collagen putty or sponges.
Regardless of how spinal fusion is performed, the fused area of the spine becomes immobilised.
For vertebral osteoporotic fractures3:
Vertebroplasty: When back pain is caused by a compression fracture of a vertebra due to osteoporosis or trauma, doctors may make a small incision in the skin over the affected area and inject a cement-like mixture called polymethyacrylate into the fractured vertebra to relieve pain and stabilize the spine. The procedure is generally performed on an outpatient basis under a mild anaesthetic.
3 Used only if standard care, rest, corsets/braces, analgesics fail.
Kyphoplasty: Much like vertebroplasty, kyphoplasty is used to relieve pain and stabilize the spine following fractures due to osteoporosis. Kyphoplasty is a two-step process. In the first step, the doctor inserts a balloon device to help restore the height and shape of the spine. In the second step, he or she injects polymethyacrylate to repair the fractured vertebra. The procedure is done under anaesthesia, and in some cases it is performed on an outpatient basis.
For Discogenic Low Back Pain (Degenerative Disc Disease)
Intradiscal electrothermal therapy (IDT): One of the newest and least invasive therapies for low back pain involves inserting a heating wire through a small incision in the back and into a disc. An electrical current is then passed through the wire to strengthen the collagen fibers that hold the disc together. The procedure is done on an outpatient basis, often under local anaesthesia. The usefulness of IDT is debatable.
Spinal fusion: When the degenerated disc is painful, the surgeon may recommend removing it and fusing the disc to help with the pain. This fusion can be done through the abdomen, a procedure known as anterior lumbar interbody fusion, or through the back, called posterior fusion. Theoretically, fusion surgery should eliminate the source of pain; the procedure is successful in about 60 to 70 percent of cases. Fusion for low back pain or any spinal surgeries should only be done as a last resort, and the patient should be fully informed of risks.
Disc replacement: When a disc is herniated, one alternative to a discectomy – in which the disc is simply removed – is removing it and replacing it with a synthetic disc. Replacing the damaged one with an artificial one restores disc height and movement between the vertebrae. Artificial discs come in several designs.
What is pain?
Back pain is a problem all too familiar, which can vary from a dull, constant pain for a sudden, severe pain, lets you incapacitated. It may suddenly - in an accident, a fall or lifting something too heavy - or can develop slowly, perhaps due to age changes in the spine. Regardless of how it happened, or how it feels, you know, if you have it. And the possibilities are, if not now, will at some point.
As is common?
At some point, back pain affects an estimated 8 out of 10 people. It belongs to our society most common health problems.
What are the risk factors for back pain?
While anyone can have, back pain, a number of factors that increase the risk. These include:
Age: The first attack of low back pain usually occurs between the ages of 30 and 40 Back pain is more frequent with age.
Fitness Level: back pain is more common in people who are not physically fit. Weak back and abdominal muscles may not work properly support the spine. "Weekend warriors" - people who go out and a lot of exercise, inactive after that all week - are more likely to suffer painful injuries, when people are moderate physical activity daily habit. Studies show that low-impact aerobic exercise is good for stuffing discs that the vertebrae, the bones that make up the spine.
Nutrition: a diet with high calorie and fat content, combined with an inactive lifestyle can lead to obesity, stress can be found on the opposite side.
Heritage: Some causes of back pain, including CD's disease, may have a genetic component.
Stroke: The race may be a factor back. African American women, for example, are two to three times more likely to white women to develop spondylolisthesis, a condition in which a vortex of the lower spine - including the lumbar spine - slipping out of place.
The presence of other diseases: Many diseases can cause or contribute to back pain. These include various forms of arthritis, such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis and other types of cancer in the body, may participate in the backbone.
Risk factors professional: After a job that requires heavy lifting, push, pull and, in particular as a turning point or vibrations of the spine, can lead to injuries and back pain. Idle job or a desk job may also cause or contribute to pain, especially when poor posture or all day sitting in a chair uncomfortable.
Of smoking: Smoking can not directly cause back pain, increases the risk of developing low back pain and low back pain with sciatica. (Sciatica is back pain that radiates to fashion and / or leg pressure on a nerve.) For example, smoking can cause pain by blocking the body of the ability to provide nutrients for the slabs of the lower back . Cough or more times due to strong smoking can cause back pain. It 'also possible that smokers are less physically fit or less healthy than non-smokers, which increases the probability that it will develop back pain. In addition, smoking is slow to heal, the pain of renewal for people who have back injuries, back surgery or broken bones.
What are the causes of back pain?
It 'important to understand that back pain is a symptom of a disease, not even a diagnosis. Problems doctors can cause back pain are as follows:
Mechanical Problems: A mechanical problem is a problem with the way your spine moves or how to feel if your spine in a certain way. Perhaps the most common cause of mechanical back pain is a condition called disc degeneration of the spinal cord, which simply means that the discs are located between the vertebrae of the spine are the reduction with age. As deteriorate, they lose their ability sponge. This problem can cause pain when his back is underlined. Other mechanical causes of back pain, spasms, muscle tension and crushed disks, also known as disk herniated discs.
Injuries: spinal cord injuries as sprains and fractures can cause short-term or chronic pain. Sprains are tears in the ligaments that support the spine, and can occur from twisting or lifting wrong. Column fractured vertebrae are often the result of osteoporosis, a condition that causes weak, porous bones. Less frequently, back pain can be caused by other serious injuries caused by accidents and falls.
Acquired conditions and diseases: Many health problems can cause or contribute to back pain. These include scoliosis, which means that the curvature of the spine and usually cause no pain until the middle of life; spondylolisthesis; various forms of arthritis, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis and stenosis, a narrowing spine, Fixed pressure on the spinal cord and nerves. While osteoporosis itself is not painful, can lead to painful fractures of the spine. Other causes of back pain include pregnancy, kidney stones or infection, endometriosis, which is the institution of the uterine lining tissue outside the uterus and fibromyalgia, which causes fatigue and widespread muscle pain.
Infections and cancer, even if they are not common causes of back pain, infections can cause pain when the spine, a condition called osteomyelitis, or if you are the discs that cushion the vertebrae, called discitis. Tumors are relatively rare causes of back pain. Occasionally, cancer start at the back, but more often appear at the back due to cancer, has moved from other parts of the body.
Although the causes of back pain are usually physical, it is important to know that emotional stress can play a role, such as the pain is severe and how long it takes. Stress can rely on the body in many ways, including back muscles caused by tense and painful.
Back pain can be prevented?
One of the best things you can do to prevent back pain is to exercise regularly and keep your back muscles strong. Four types of exercises are described as' back pain? below. Everyone can help prevent injuries and pain. Exercises to improve balance and strength that can reduce the risk of falls and back injuries or fractures of the bones. Exercises such as Tai Chi and yoga - or any physical activity that challenges your balance - are good to try.
Eating a healthy diet is also important. For one thing, to eat a healthy weight - or to lose weight if you are overweight - you can avoid injury and unnecessary stress and tension on the back. To ensure that its strong spine, like all the bones have enough calcium and vitamin D per day. These nutrients to prevent osteoporosis, which is responsible for most of bone fractures, leading to back pain. Football in dairy products, green leafy vegetables and fortified products like orange juice. It makes the skin vitamin D when in the sun. If you do not have much outside, you can vitamin D from your diet: almost all milk and other foods are fortified with this nutrient. Most adults do not have enough calcium and vitamin D, ask your doctor about what is necessary per day, and consider a food supplement or a multi-vitamin.
Practicing good posture and supports your back properly, and in order to avoid heavy lifting, if you can help prevent all accidents. If you do something heavy, keep your back straight. Do not bend the element, but to keep the stress on your legs and hips.
When should see a doctor for treatment of pain?
In most cases, there is no need to consult a doctor for back pain, pain, because usually goes away with or without treatment. However, a trip to a doctor is probably a good idea if you have numbness or tingling, if your pain is severe and not improve with medication and recreation, or if you have pain after a fall or an injury. It 'also important to consult your doctor if you have pain with one of the following problems: problems to urinate, weakness, pain or feeling numbness in the legs, fever or involuntary weight loss. These symptoms may signal a serious problem that requires treatment soon.
What kind of doctor should I see?
Many different types of doctors treat back pain, from family doctors for doctors specializing in diseases of the nervous system and muscular-skeletal. In most cases it is best to secure your primary care doctor. In many cases, he or she address the problem. In other cases, your doctor may refer to an appropriate specialist.
How is the diagnosis of back pain?
Diagnosis of the causes of back pain requires a medical history and physical examination. If necessary, your doctor may also order medical examinations, which may include X-ray
During medical history, your doctor questions about the nature of pain and health problems and that close family members have or have had. Questions could include the following:
* Did you like your return or wounded recently?
* E 'in your back feel better - or worse evil - if you lie down?
* Are there activities or positions, the ease or aggravate the pain?
* Your pain worse or better, at a certain time of day?
* Have you or a family member have arthritis or other diseases that can affect the spine?
* Have you been back surgery or back pain?
* Did you have pain, feeling numbness and / or tingling down one or both legs?
During the physical examination, the doctor
* Watches you stand and walk
* Check the reflexes to seek increased or slowed reflexes, one of which may indicate problems with nerves
* Check fibromyalgia for the examination of your offer back to points raised objections on the body, the pain when pressure is applied to them
* To control muscle strength and sensation
* To control the signs of nerve root irritation.
Often a doctor find the cause of your pain with a physicist and a history alone. However, depending on what the history and examination suggests that your doctor for medical examinations to help find the cause.
Here are some tests your doctor may order:
X-ray: Traditional X-ray use of low levels of radiation to project an image on a piece of film (Some recent X-ray techniques to use electronic imaging). They are often used for bone and the bone structures of the body. Your doctor may decide that an X-Ray, if he or she suspected that a fracture or osteoarthritis, or that your spine is not correct.
Magnetic Resonance (MRI): MRI uses a strong magnetic force instead of radiation to create an image. Unlike an X-Ray, only shows bone structures, a product of MRI scan clear images of soft tissues, such as tapes, tendons and blood vessels. Your doctor may order an MRI scan if he or she suspects a problem as an infection, cancer, inflammation or pressure on a nerve. An MRI scans, in most cases it is not necessary in the early stages of low back pain, unless your doctor detects certain "red flags" in your history and physical examination. An MRI scan is required if the pain continues for more than 3-6 weeks, or if the doctor thinks that it may be necessary to consult surgery. Since most low back pain goes away by itself, always an MRI scan too early can sometimes be confusing for the patient and doctor.
The computed tomography (CT) scan: A TAC allows the doctor to see spinal not see the traditional X-ray This is a three-dimensional image that a computer from a series of two-dimensional images, takes on the back. Your doctor may order a TAC to find problems, including herniated disk drives, tumours or stenosis.
Blood tests: Although blood tests can not generally be used in the diagnosis of the causes of back pain, the doctor may order them in some cases. Analysis of blood, which can be used are as follows:
* Blood count (CBC), which can lead to problems such as inflammation or infection
* Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (also known as the rate of sed), a measure of inflammation could indicate that the infection. The presence of inflammation may also suggest that some forms of arthritis or, in rare cases, cancer.
It 'important to understand that medical tests alone will not lead to the diagnosis of back pain. In fact, experts say that up to 90 percent of all MRI scans of the spine, a sort of anomalies, and sometimes the X-rays and CT scans of people without pain show problems. Similarly, even some healthy pain-free people can have sed price increase.
Only with a medical history and examination - and sometimes medical examinations - a doctor can diagnose the cause of back pain. Many times, the exact cause of back pain is never known. In such cases it may be comforting to know that most back pain is better or not, if you find out what caused it.
What is the difference between acute and chronic pain?
Pain is striking is suddenly - after falling from a ladder, addressed to the football stadium, or lifting a burden that is simply too difficult, for example - acute pain. Acute pain is rapidly and leaves are often just as fast. A classified as acute pain must not exceed 6 weeks. Acute pain is the most common form of back pain.
Chronic pain, on the other hand, they can quickly or slowly, and covers a long period of time. Normally, that the pain longer than 3 months as a chronic problem. Chronic pain is much less common acute pain.
How is pain?
Treatment of back pain in general, depends on what kind of pain occur: acute or chronic.
Treble backache
Treble back pain usually is better alone and without treatment, although you may want to try paracetamol (acetaminophen), aspirin or ibuprofen to relieve pain. Perhaps the best advice is, go to your normal activities, wherever possible, with the certainty that the problem is clear. Alzarsi and move to ease stiffness, pain, and return to normal activities than before. Exercises are generally not recommended for acute back pain, nor is surgery.
Mal chronic back
Treatment of chronic back pain fall into two categories: nature, requires a functioning and the way in which this is not the case. In the vast majority of cases, back pain does not require surgery. Doctors are almost always try nonsurgical treatments before the surgery recommended. In a small percentage of cases - for back pain is a cancer, infection or a main nerve problem called cauda equina syndrome, for example - quick operation is needed to relieve pain and prevent further problems.
The following are some of the most common treatments for chronic back pain.
Not operational treatments
Hot or cold: hot and cold packs - or sometimes a combination of both - can be calming to chronically sore, stiff back. Heat expands blood vessels, improving the supply of oxygen that blood is on the back and reducing muscle cramps. Heat also changed the perception of pain. Cold, inflammation of reducing the size of blood vessels and blood flow in the area. Although I feel cold in May against the painful skin, it numbs deep pain. Heat or cold in May relieve pain, but not lead to healing of chronic back pain.
Exercise: Although the practice is usually not recommended for acute back pain, proper exercise can alleviate chronic pain and perhaps reduce their risk in return. The following four types of exercises are important for the overall physical fitness and can be very useful for some causes of back pain:
Deflection: The purpose of bending exercises, the exercises, where you bend forward, to 1) expand the spaces between the vertebrae, which put pressure on nerves, 2) stretch muscles of the spine and hips, and 3) the strengthening of Abdomen -- And buttocks muscles. Many doctors believe that the strengthening of the muscles of the abdomen reduces the load on the spine. A word of caution: if the back pain is a herniated disc, consult your doctor before bending exercises, because it can increase the pressure inside of records, making the problem worse.
Direct telephone with an extension exercises, go back. To minimize the radiating pain, pain felt in other parts of the body, where in addition to its origin. Examples of extension exercises are leg while lifting vulnerable and an increase in the trunk, while lying exposed. The theory behind these exercises is that you open the spinal canal in places and develop the muscles that support the spine.
Stretching: The goal of stretching exercises, as the name suggests, the route and improve the extension of the muscles and other soft tissue back. This can reduce the stiffness and back to improve the scope of the movement.
Aerobics: Aerobic exercise is the way it is your heart pumping faster and keep your heart rate elevated for a while '. For fitness, it is important that at least 30 minutes of aerobic (also known as cardio-vascular) must exercise three times a week. Aerobic exercises, large muscles of the body and lively even walking, jogging and swimming. To back problems, we should avoid exercise that requires twisting or bending forward energy, such as aerobics and dance rowing, because these actions may increase the pressure on discs and even more harm than good. Also, avoid high-impact activities, if you have disc disease. If back pain or your level of fitness makes it impossible to exercise 30 minutes at a time, try three to 10 minutes to start working sessions and up to destination. But first, ask your doctor or physiotherapist safe aerobic exercise for you.
Drugs: A wide range of drugs used to treat chronic back pain. Some may try for themselves. Others are only with a prescription. The following are the main types of drugs for back pain.
Analgesics: analgesic drugs are those designed specifically to alleviate the pain. These include over-the-counter paracetamol (acetaminophen) (Tylenol1) and aspirin and prescription drugs, like oxycodone with paracetamol (acetaminophen) (Percocet) or hydrocodone with paracetamol (acetaminophen) (Vicodin). Aspirin and paracetamol (acetaminophen), more commonly used analgesics; drugs should be used only for a short period of time to severe pain or pain after surgery. people with muscle or back pain, arthritis pain is not relieved by medications may be useful topical analgesics. These creams, ointments, salves and rubbed directly on the skin site of pain. They use one or more of a variety of ingredients to relieve pain. topical analgesics include products such as Zostrix, Icy Hot, and Ben Gay.
1 marks in this booklet are provided only as examples, and their integration does not mean that these products are used by the National Institutes of Health or other government body. Also, if a certain brand is not mentioned, this does not mean or that the product is not satisfactory.
NSAIDs: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are drugs that relieve pain and inflammation is, who can also play a role in some cases of back pain. Nonprescription products NSAIDs include ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil), ketoprofen (Actron, Orudis KT) and naproxen sodium (Aleve). More than a dozen others, including a subclass of NSAID called COX-2 inhibitors, only with a prescription.
All NSAIDs work in the same way: the blocking of substances called prostaglandins, inflammation and pain. However, any NSAID is another chemical, and each has a slightly different effect on body2.
Note 2: NSAIDs can cause stomach irritation or, less commonly, may affect renal function. The longer a person used NSAIDs, the more likely he or she is to have side effects ranging from mild to severe. Many other drugs can not be taken if a patient is treated with NSAIDs because NSAIDs are changing the way in which the body used or disposed of these other drugs. Ask your health care provider or pharmacist before NSAIDs. Even NSAIDs are sometimes associated with serious gastrointestinal problems such as ulcers, perforations and bleeding in the stomach or intestine. People over 65 years and those with a history of ulcers or gastrointestinal bleeding NSAIDs should be treated with caution.
The side effects of all NSAIDs can upset stomach and stomach ulcers, heartburn, diarrhea, and fluid retention, but COX-2 inhibitors are designed to cause fewer stomach ulcers. For reasons unknown, some people seem to be better than another NSAID. It 'important work with your doctor to choose the one that safer and more effective for you.
Other drugs: muscle relaxants and some antidepressants were also responsible for chronic back pain, but their usefulness is debatable.
Drive: traction involves using pulleys and weights on the route. The logic of traction is to pull the vertebrae as well as a bulging disc slip again. Some people experience pain, while in traction, but the relief is usually temporary. When traction is released, the path is not sustainable and back pain is likely to return. There is no scientific evidence that any traction offers long-term benefits for people with back pain.
Corsets and bras: busts and parentheses contain a number of devices such as elastic and rigid supported with metal stays that are restricting the movement of the lumbar spine, the abdominal support and correct posture. While this may be appropriate for certain types of operations, there is little, if any, evidence that they help treat chronic back pain. In fact, to use the back muscles can cause more problems than actually solved is to return to weaken the muscles from lack of use.
Verhalten update: The development of a healthy attitude and learn to move your body properly when daily activities - particularly for heavy lifting, pushing, pulling and - sometimes are part of a plan of treatment for people with back pain. Other changes behavior, which may be useful to understand the pain the adoption of healthy habits, such as movement, relaxation and regular sleep, falls and bad habits like smoking and eating little.
Injections: When drugs and other treatments not nonsurgical to alleviate the chronic back pain, doctors may recommend injections for pain. Here are some of the most commonly used injections, although some are of doubtful utility:
Nerve root blocks: When an inflamed nerve or compressed, as it passes from the spine between the vertebrae, a syringe as the root of the nerve block can be used for the consequent ease back pain in the legs. The injection of steroids contains a drug and / or anaesthesia and managed on the interested party nerve. If the procedure helps or not, depends on finding injecting and only the right nerve.
Appearance joint injections: The appearance joints are those in which the spine connect to each other, so that the spine. Although arthritis joints aspect itself is rarely the source of back pain, injection of steroids or anaesthetic drugs in joints is sometimes tried as a way to relieve pain. The effectiveness of these contributions is questionable. One study suggests that this treatment is overused and ineffective.
Trigger point injections: In this procedure, an anaesthetic in some areas at the back, pain when the doctor applies pressure to them. Some medical steroid drugs for injection. Although injections are commonly used, researchers have discovered that the injection of anaesthetic and / or steroids trigger points in no more than alleviate "dry needling" or the insertion of a needle, not the injection of a drug.
Prolotherapy: One of the most talked-about procedures for back pain, prolotherapy is a treatment where a doctor injects a solution of sugar or other substances irritant within the limits of points along the periosteum (the tough, fibrous tissue to bone) trigger an inflammatory response that promotes the growth of dense, fibrous tissue. The theory behind prolotherapy is that the growth of tissues strengthens the attachment of tendons and ligaments, relaxation has contributed to back pain. So far, studies have not confirmed the effectiveness of prolotherapy. The process is mainly used by chiropractors and osteopathic doctors.
Complementary and alternative therapies: When back pain becomes chronic or when drugs and other conventional therapies do not raise many people try to complementary and alternative treatments. Even if these therapies do not cure diseases or repair the injury that pain, some people find it useful for the administration or the relief of pain. Here are some of the most commonly used complementary therapies.
Handling: Spinal manipulation refers to proceedings in which professionals to mobilize their hands, adapt, massage, or support the spine and surrounding tissue. This type of therapy is often caused by osteopathic physicians and chiropractors. He tends to be more effective in people with pain and simple when used with other therapies. Manipulation of the spinal cord is not appropriate if you have a medical problem such as osteoporosis, spinal cord compression, or inflammatory arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis) or if the blood-slimming drugs like warfarin (Coumadin) or heparin (Calciparine , Liquaemin).
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS): TENS includes the use of a small box on the painful area bears mild electrical impulses to the nerves. The theory is that the promotion of the nervous system, the perception of pain. Studien der Frühe TEN vorgeschlagen, es könnte das erhöhen Niveau von Endorphinen, den körpereigenen natürlichen Schmerz-betäubend chemicals, im Rückenmark Flüssigkeit. Aber spätere Studien Wirksamkeit gegen seine Schmerzen haben gemischte Ergebnisse.
Akupunktur: Diese high chinesische Praxis wurde gewinnt zunehmend an Popularität Akzeptanz und in den Vereinigten Staaten. Es basiert auf der Theorie, dass ein Leben rief Kraft Qi (Chee sprich) fließt durch den Körper entlang bestimmter Kanäle, die blockiert, wenn Krankheit verursachen kann. Nach der Theorie, die von Einfügung dünnen Nadeln in genau Standorten entlang dieser Kanäle durch die Sperre Praktiker kann für den Fluss des Qi, der Linderung Schmerzen und die von der Wiederherstellung Gesundheit.
Obwohl einige westliche ausgebildete Ärzte zustimmen würde, mit dem Konzept des Qi blockiert, einige glauben, dass das Einfügen und anschließend anregende Nadeln (durch Drehen oder eines im Zuge Niederspannungs-elektrischen Strom durch sie) kann fördern die Produktion der körpereigenen natürlichen Schmerz-betäubend Chemikalien , Wie Endorphine, Serotonin, Acetylcholin.
Ein Konsens Panel einberufen durch die National Institutes of Health (NIH) im Jahr 1997 der Schluss gezogen, dass es eindeutige Beweise dieser Behandlung wirksam ist für einige Schmerzen Bedingungen, einschließlich der postoperativen Zahnschmerzen. Zwar gibt es weniger überzeugende Beweise zur Unterstützung für mit Rückenschmerzen Akupunktur und andere einige Schmerzen Bedingungen, die Gruppe zu der Schlußfolgerung, daß Akupunktur wirksam sein können, wenn sie als Teil einer umfassenden Behandlungsplan für niedrige Rückenschmerzen, Fibromyalgie, und anderen mehreren Bedingungen.
Akupressur: Wie bei Akupunktur, die Theorie hinter Akupressur besteht darin, dass es unblocks den Fluss von Qi. Der Unterschied zwischen Akupressur Akupunktur und ist, dass keine Nadeln werden in der Akupressur. Stattdessen wird ein Therapeut bezieht Druck entlang Punkte auf der Kanäle seiner oder mit ihrer Hände, Ellbogen, oder sogar die Füße. (In einigen Fällen sind die Patienten zu tun gelehrt, ihre eigenen Akupressur.) Akupressur wurde nicht gut für Rückenschmerzen untersucht.
Rolfing: Eine Art der Massage, Rolfing geht mit starkem Druck auf Gewebe tief in den Rücken zu entlasten Engegefühl in der Faszie, der Mantel aus Gewebe, das die Muskeln, das kann dazu führen, dass oder einen Beitrag zu Rückenschmerzen. Die Theorie hinter Rolfing ist, dass die Freigabe Muskeln und Gewebe aus der Faszie ermöglicht dem Rücken richtig ausrichten. Bisher haben die Nützlichkeit für Rolfing Rückenschmerzen wurde noch nicht wissenschaftlich bewiesen.
Operative Behandlungen
Abhängig von der Diagnose, Operation kann es sich um die erste Therapie der Wahl - obwohl dies selten ist - oder es ist reserviert für chronische Rückenschmerzen, bei denen andere Therapien versagt haben. Wenn Sie stehen in ständigem Schmerzen oder Schmerzen erneut auftritt, wenn häufig und stört mit Ihrer Fähigkeit zu schlafen, zu funktionieren in Ihrem Job, oder Verrichtungen des täglichen Lebens, werden Sie möglicherweise ein Kandidat für Chirurgie.
In der Regel gibt es zwei Gruppen von Menschen, erfordert möglicherweise eine Operation zur Behandlung von Wirbelsäulen-ihre Probleme. Die Menschen in der ersten Gruppe haben chronischen Rückenschmerzen und Ischias, und sie sind häufig diagnostiziert mit einem Bandscheibenvorfall, Stenosen, spondylolisthesis, oder vertebraler Frakturen mit Beteiligung Nerven. Die Menschen in der zweiten Gruppe sind diejenigen, mit nur geringen vorherrschende Rückenschmerzen (ohne Schmerzen in den Beinen). Es handelt sich um Menschen mit niedrigen discogenic Rückenschmerzen (degenerative disc disease), in der Verschleiß-Discs mit dem Alter zu. Üblicherweise werden die Ergebnisse der Wirbelsäulenchirurgie ist viel mehr berechenbar bei Menschen mit Ischias als in solchen mit vorherrschenden niedrigen Rückenschmerzen.
Einige der Diagnosen, die Notwendigkeit der Operation gehören:
Bandscheibenvorfall-Discs: ein potenziell schmerzhaften Problem, bei dem die harte äußere Schicht der Scheiben, das sind die runden Stücke von Bindegewebe das Kissen die Knochen der Wirbelsäule, sind beschädigt, so dass die Discs "Gelee-Center zum Leck, irritierend, in der Nähe Nerven . Dies führt zu schweren Ischias und Nervenschmerzen Festlegung der Bein. Ein Bandscheibenvorfall ist manchmal auch gebrochen Scheibe.
Spinal Stenose: Verengung der Wirbelkanal, durch die das Rückenmark und Nerven Rückenmark laufen.
Es wird oft durch die Überwucherung des Knochens, die durch Osteoarthritis der Wirbelsäule. Kompression der Nerven verursacht durch spinale Stenose führen kann nicht nur zu Schmerzen, sondern auch zu Taubheitsgefühl in den Beinen und den Verlust von Blase und / oder Darm. Die Patienten können das Problem auch zu Fuß alle Distanzen und können auch starke Schmerzen in ihren Beinen zusammen mit Taubheit und Kribbeln.
Spondylolisthesis: ein Zustand, in dem ein Wirbel der Lendenwirbelsäule rutscht fehl am Platz. Da die Wirbelsäule zu stabilisieren versucht selbst, die Verbindungen zwischen den Wirbel rutschte und den angrenzenden Wirbel werden können vergrößert, Einklemmen Nerven, als sie die Ausfahrt Wirbelsäule. Spondylolisthesis kann dazu führen, dass nicht nur niedrig, sondern Rückenschmerzen Ischias schwere Schmerzen in den Beinen.
Vertebraler Frakturen: Knochenbrüche, die durch Trauma auf die Wirbel der Wirbelsäule oder durch bröckelt der Wirbelsäule aufgrund von Osteoporose. Dies führt dazu, dass meist mechanische Rückenschmerzen, sie kann aber auch Druck auf die Nerven, wodurch Schmerzen in den Beinen.
Discogenic Low Back Pain (Degenerative Disc Disease): Most people’s discs degenerate over a lifetime, but in some, this aging process can become chronically painful, severely interfering with their quality of life.
Following are some of the most commonly performed back surgeries:
For herniated discs:
Laminectomy/discectomy: In this operation, part of the lamina, a portion of the bone on the back of the vertebrae, is removed, as well as a portion of a ligament. The herniated disc is then removed through the incision, which may extend two or more inches.
Microdiscectomy: As with traditional discectomy, this procedure involves removing a herniated disc or damaged portion of a disc through an incision in the back. The difference is that the incision is much smaller and the doctor uses a magnifying microscope or lenses to locate the disc through the incision. The smaller incision may reduce pain and the disruption of tissues, and it reduces the size of the surgical scar. It appears to take about the same time to recuperate from a microdiscectomy as from a traditional discectomy.
Laser surgery: Technological advances in recent decades have led to the use of lasers for operating on patients with herniated discs accompanied by lower back and leg pain. During this procedure, the surgeon inserts a needle in the disc that delivers a few bursts of laser energy to vaporize the tissue in the disc. This reduces its size and relieves pressure on the nerves. Although many patients return to daily activities within 3 to 5 days after laser surgery, pain relief may not be apparent until several weeks or even months after the surgery. The usefulness of laser discectomy is still being debated.
For spinal stenosis:
Laminectomy: When narrowing of the spine compresses the nerve roots, causing pain and/or affecting sensation, doctors sometimes open up the spinal column with a procedure called a laminectomy. In a laminectomy, the doctor makes a large incision down the affected area of the spine and removes the lamina and any bone spurs, which are overgrowths of bone, that may have formed in the spinal canal as the result of osteoarthritis. The procedure is major surgery that requires a short hospital stay and physical therapy afterwards to help regain strength and mobility.
For spondylolisthesis:
Spinal fusion: When a slipped vertebra leads to the enlargement of adjacent facet joints, surgical treatment generally involves both laminectomy (as described above) and spinal fusion. In spinal fusion, two or more vertebrae are joined together using bone grafts, screws, and rods to stop slippage of the affected vertebrae. Bone used for grafting comes from another area of the body, usually the hip or pelvis. In some cases, donor bone is used.
Although the surgery is generally successful, either type of graft has its drawbacks. Using your own bone means surgery at a second site on your body. With donor bone, there is a slight risk of disease transmission or rejection. In recent years, a new development has eliminated those risks for some people undergoing spinal fusion: proteins called bone morphogenic proteins are being used to stimulate bone generation, eliminating the need for grafts. The proteins are placed in the affected area of the spine, often in collagen putty or sponges.
Regardless of how spinal fusion is performed, the fused area of the spine becomes immobilised.
For vertebral osteoporotic fractures3:
Vertebroplasty: When back pain is caused by a compression fracture of a vertebra due to osteoporosis or trauma, doctors may make a small incision in the skin over the affected area and inject a cement-like mixture called polymethyacrylate into the fractured vertebra to relieve pain and stabilize the spine. The procedure is generally performed on an outpatient basis under a mild anaesthetic.
3 Used only if standard care, rest, corsets/braces, analgesics fail.
Kyphoplasty: Much like vertebroplasty, kyphoplasty is used to relieve pain and stabilize the spine following fractures due to osteoporosis. Kyphoplasty is a two-step process. In the first step, the doctor inserts a balloon device to help restore the height and shape of the spine. In the second step, he or she injects polymethyacrylate to repair the fractured vertebra. The procedure is done under anaesthesia, and in some cases it is performed on an outpatient basis.
For Discogenic Low Back Pain (Degenerative Disc Disease)
Intradiscal electrothermal therapy (IDT): One of the newest and least invasive therapies for low back pain involves inserting a heating wire through a small incision in the back and into a disc. An electrical current is then passed through the wire to strengthen the collagen fibers that hold the disc together. The procedure is done on an outpatient basis, often under local anaesthesia. The usefulness of IDT is debatable.
Spinal fusion: When the degenerated disc is painful, the surgeon may recommend removing it and fusing the disc to help with the pain. This fusion can be done through the abdomen, a procedure known as anterior lumbar interbody fusion, or through the back, called posterior fusion. Theoretically, fusion surgery should eliminate the source of pain; the procedure is successful in about 60 to 70 percent of cases. Fusion for low back pain or any spinal surgeries should only be done as a last resort, and the patient should be fully informed of risks.
Disc replacement: When a disc is herniated, one alternative to a discectomy – in which the disc is simply removed – is removing it and replacing it with a synthetic disc. Replacing the damaged one with an artificial one restores disc height and movement between the vertebrae. Artificial discs come in several designs.
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